从语义地图看“果”的语义关联及虚化轨迹

On the Semantic Relation and Hypothetical Track of“Guo(果)”from Semantic Maps

古汉语中的“果”具有多种意义或用途,其各项功能在共时平面上存在着某种语义关联,在历时层面上存在着一定的虚化轨迹。借助语义地图理论梳理出“果”的各项功能之间的语义关联模式,并据其各项功能间亲疏远近的分布状态,揭示各项功能间的语义演变关系和虚化轨迹。古汉语“果”的大部分功能早在先秦时期就已大致完备,在不同的汉语时期呈现出时隐时现的特点。“果”的虚化轨迹主要有两个源头:一是表示本义“果实”的名词“果”;二是表示“果决”义的形容词“果”。后来“果”的功能隐现的原因主要有三点:第一,双音节的“果”数量增多,分担了单音节的“果”的部分功能;第二,“果”的部分功能处于寄生范畴,在语境缺失的条件下便隐匿起来;第三,部分语料的遣词倾向性可能也影响了“果”的功能表现。

“guo(果)”is a multifunctional gram in ancient Chinese,and the different usages of it has some connections based on semantic relations on the synchronic level,which helps to indicate its diurnal hypothetical track.This paper intends to clarify the semantic connective pattern of different usages of“guo(果)”from Semantic Map Model,deals with the semantic changes as well as the process of grammaticalization among those usages according to their proximity on semantic maps.The results indicate that“guo(果)”developed most of its functions in Pre-Qin Period,with some of them absent during some of the later periods.Besides,“guo(果)”has two origins,one is from the meaning of“guoshi(果实)”as a noun,the other is from the meaning of“guojue(果决)”as an adjective.The reasons to explain some of its absence could be concluded as following:firstly,some double-syllable words as“guoran(果然)”“guozhen(果真)”“zhongyu(终于)”took place of“guo(果)”as a result of lexicalization and grammaticalization.Secondly,from Treasury Typology,some lexical functions was not activated in some certain context.Finally,certain function appeared in only one book influences the maps.