“数”的表达与汉藏语名词的类型

The Expression of Number and Typological Types of Noun Category in Sino-Tibetan Languages

主要借鉴Rijkhoff的方法,基于语言中计数表达形式的不同,讨论汉藏语中的集合名词和种类名词。通过对量词和复数标记的发达程度的考察,可以发现,汉藏语各语言的名词总体类型分布在由集合性最强到种类性最强的等级序列上,藏缅语族的藏语支、景颇语支等处于序列的左侧,汉语、壮侗语族、苗瑶语族等处于序列的右侧。从历时的角度来看,汉藏语都经历了由集合名词向种类名词的变异。并对影响变异的因素进行了探讨,名词的生命度等级越高、所计的数目越大,其集合性越强。最后,将汉藏语系与阿尔泰语系的名词类型进行了比较,认为一种语言名词类型的变异根本上取决于该语言的形态类型。

Based on Rijkhof’s classification of noun types,this paper discusses their typological classes of Sino-Tibetan languages by examining the use of classifiers and plural markers.We find that their distribution can be described by a sequence in which the Tibetan and Jingpo languages of the Tibetan-Burmese language family exhibit more set-noun type characteristics,while Chinese and languages from Zhuang-Dong and Miao-Yao language family have more sort noun type characteristics.We furthermore point out that from a diachronic point of view,Sino-Tibetan languages all have experienced a variation from set-noun type to sort-noun type,conditioned by animacy and specific counting numbers.Finally,we compare it to the noun types of the Altaic language family and point out that the variation of the noun type of a language is fundamentally determined by the morphological type of the language.