法国启蒙运动与马克思的人类解放理论

French Enlightenment and Marx’s Theory of Human Liberation

法国启蒙思想家在对社会现实的深刻洞察中抨击时弊,揭示了人类不平等的起源和基础,力图在反对王权、神权及诸多特权的过程中建构一种新社会制度。其中,机械唯物论与经验论和理性主义构成启蒙时代重要的哲学理路。在法国启蒙思想盛行的时代,空想社会主义是“直接从法国唯物主义出发”的。在分析法国启蒙思想以及空想社会主义的实质的基础上,马克思指出政治解放只是一场“市民社会的革命”,它不具有普遍性承诺,因而需要进行具有普遍性的人类解放。马克思在人类解放理论中提出了政治哲学的总问题。

French enlightenment thinkers attacked the disadvantages in their deep insight into social reality,revealed the origin and foundation of human inequality,and tried to construct a new social system in the process of opposing royalty,theocracy and many privileges.Among them,mechanistic materialism,empiricism and rationalism constitute an important philosophical way in the age of enlightenment.In the age of the French enlightenment,utopian socialism“started directly from French materialism”.On the basis of analyzing the essence of French enlightenment thought and utopian socialism,Marx pointed out that political liberation was only a“revolution of civil society”,which had no universal commitment,so it was necessary to carry out universal human liberation.Marx raised the general problem of political philosophy in his theory of human liberation.