古希腊哲与诗之争的根源与实质——从诗学比较与诗学发生学说起

Origin and Nature of the Debate between Philosophy and Poetry in Ancient Greece——Based on Comparison and Budding of Poetics

热奈特把诗学定义为“文学形式之通论”。茨维坦·托多罗夫认为,诗学关注的不是文学作品本身,而是文学话语之所以是文学话语的属性。本文把哲学和诗等看作不同的话语体裁,采用类似茨维坦·托多罗夫《散文的诗学》的研究方法,通过描写、分析哲学与诗等话语体裁的语言来揭示其诗学,即其语言的属性。从诗学或体裁发生学角度看,古希腊最初的哲与诗之争,与其说是哲学对诗的排斥,不如说是哲学作为一种话语方式和体裁,从诗与神话母腹中挣脱出来的一种痛。同时,柏拉图对诗的戒备,也是面对历史悠久的诗与神话传统的强大压力时的“影响的焦虑”的一种表现。而当代海德格尔所说的“哲学的终结”,其实是哲学的重新开始。诗的本质决定,只有诗性言说才更有可能超越语言与思自身,所以,尼采的诗性哲学,海德格尔从早期的形而上学式言说朝后期诗性言说的转向,不是两千多年之后哲学向诗的返回或投诚,而是哲学要穿越或借助诗超越旧哲学的主题和言说方式的一种企图。新的“影响的焦虑”当然也在所难免,阿兰·巴迪欧的《哲学宣言》及其对“诗人的时代”的批判,就是来自当代哲学关于诗的“影响的焦虑”的最强的声音。

Judging from the point of view of poetics and genres,the initial debate between philosophy and poetry in ancient Greece is the reflection that philosophy,as a new mode of discourse or a genre,derived from poetry and myth,rather than philosophy’s repulsion of poetry.And Plato’s defense of philosophy against poetry is actually what Harold Bloom called the“anxiety of influence”in face of the previous age-old poetic tradition.And what Heidegger called“the end of philosophy”is actually the restart of philosophy.The nature of poetry determines that only the poetic mode of discourse can transcend language and thought.Therefore,Nietzsche’s poetic philosophy and Heidegger’s shifting from his early metaphysical mode of discourse to his later more poetically oriented discourse are not philosophy’s returning or surrender to poetry two thousand years later.Rather,it is philosophy’s attempt to transcend the themes and mode of old philosophical discourse through and by poetry.Of course,the new“anxiety of influence”is again inevitable;Alain Badio’s Manifesto for Philosophy and his criticism about“the age of poets”are undoubtedly the loudest voice of that anxiety.