覆盖方式对黄土高原半湿润区春玉米农田土壤水热特征及产量的影响

Effects of Mulching Methods on Soil Water and Temperature Characteristics and Yield of Spring Maize in Semi-humid Region of the Loess Plateau

为系统研究春玉米农田土壤水热动态特征对不同种植方式的响应,遴选适应于黄土高原半湿润农作区种植方式,于2017-2018年在甘肃省华亭市朱家坡农业技术推广中心开展田间定位试验,测定了露地平播(CK)、全膜覆盖平播(WM)、半膜覆盖平播(HM)、隔沟覆膜垄播(MRM)、全膜双垄沟播(WRF)和秸秆覆盖沟播(SM)6种不同种植方式0~100 cm土壤水分和0~25 cm土壤温度季节变化、垂直变化及年际变化,以及收获后春玉米产量与水分利用效率。结果表明,地膜覆盖种植方式明显地改善了玉米播种-苗期0~40 cm土壤水分条件,有利于春玉米苗期生长。6种种植方式下土壤温度的差异以苗期为主,地膜覆盖种植方式5 cm土层的平均温度和最低温度较CK显著提高2.85~6.85℃和1.88~5.27℃,而SM表现为“降温-增温”双重效应,即平均温度较CK降低2.90~4.01℃,最低温度较CK提高1.34~4.12℃。地膜覆盖种植方式在保墒、增温作用下改善了春玉米各生育期土壤水热环境,提高了产量和水分利用效率,其中MRM、HM、WRF最为显著,产量和水分利用效率较CK分别增加了32.96%,19.69%,17.12%和33.52%,18.59%,18.66%。地膜覆盖种植方式可明显改善黄土高原半湿润地区土壤水热环境,促进春玉米产量积累,其中隔沟覆膜垄播种植方式水热耦合效应最优,产量和水分利用效率提高幅度最大。因此,隔沟覆膜垄播种植方式是较为适宜黄土高原半湿润农作区春播玉米的高产种植方式。

The objective of the present study was to understand the response of soil water and temperature characteristics of spring maize field to several planting patterns,and finally select the optimized planting pattern for semi-humid area of the Loess Plateau.A field experimental was carried out during the growing season of 2017-2018,in Zhujiapo Agricultural Technology Promotion Center,Huating City,Gansu Province,included 6 planting methods,with non-contoured seedbed without mulching(CK),non-contoured seedbed with film mulching(WM),non-contoured seedbed with half film mulching(HM),ridge-furrow with polyethylene film and straw mulching(MRM),ridge-furrow with fully film mulching(WRF)and ridge-furrow with straw mulching(SM)and their soil water content along 0-100 cm,soil temperature in 0-25 cm layer,crop yield and water use efficiency of spring maize were determined.The results showed that the mulching method significantly improved soil moisture situation from 0 to 40 cm depth both in sowing and seedling stages,of which could promote growth of maize in seedling period.The difference of soil temperature was mainly appeared in seedling stage,i.e.The average temperature and the minimum temperature of 5 cm with covered film mulching were markedly higher than CK with a ranged from 2.85 to 6.85℃,from 1.88 to 5.27℃,respectively.SM exhibited the″cooling-increasing″double effects that was the average temperature lower than CK 2.90-4.01℃,and the lowest temperature higher than CK 1.34-4.12℃.The film mulching method improved hydrothermal environment,yield and water use efficiency during the growth period with help of soil moisture holding and temperature increasing,especially for MRM,HM and WRF,the yield and water use efficiency increased by 32.96%,19.69%,17.12%and 33.52%,18.59%,18.66%in compared to CK,respectively.The mulching method can obvious improve soil hydrothermal environment,and eventually improve yield in the semi-humid areas of the Loess Plateau,particularly the MRM displayed better.Therefore,the ridge-furrow with film and straw mulching practice was a promising solution for spring maize in the semi-humid farming area of the Loess Plateau.