西方主流经济学的极端个人主义与极端功利主义辨析

A Analysis of Ultra-Individualism and Ultra-utilitarianism in Western Mainstream Economics

斯密以“看不见的手”喻指市场交易过程个人自利与社会共利的内在一致性,并由此确证市场体系的有效、完美以及某种神秘性。这一理论隐喻构成西方主流经济学的基础理论座架和核心概念范式,而且成为现代主义的个人主义与功利主义基本价值观与方法论的理论奠基石。个人主义与功利主义在现代的兴起,并不纯粹是一种精神世界现象与学术理论事件,而是反映了以生产资料私人所有制为核心的资本主义社会生产关系的内在要求,是资本主义这个特殊社会历史形态的思想意识形式。个人主义与功利主义理论自诞生以来,一直被西方主流学者视为神圣不可动摇的理论经典,但同时也遭遇到来自多个不同方向的理论质疑、修正与批判。今天,个人主义与功利主义成为影响中国经济社会发展的一支重要理论源流。

Adam Smith used the“invisible hand”to refer to the internal consistency of personal self-interest and social benefit in the process of market transactions,and thus confirmed the effectiveness,perfection and certain mystery of the market system.This theoretical metaphor constitutes the basic theoretical framework and core conceptual paradigm of Western mainstream economics,and has become the theoretical cornerstone of the basic values and methodology of modernist individualism and utilitarianism.The rise of individualism and utilitarianism in modern times is not purely a spiritual world phenomenon and academic theoretical event,but reflects the inherent requirements of capitalist social production relations with private ownership of the means of production as the core.They are the ideological forms of capitalism which is a special social and historical form.Since its inception,individualism and utilitarianism have been regarded as sacred and unshakable theoretical classics by mainstream Western scholars,but they have also encountered theoretical doubts,amendments and criticisms from many different directions.Today,individualism and utilitarianism have become an important theoretical source that affects China’s economic and social development.