明清辽东乡贤与地方社会——基于方志资料的考察

The country sages and society in Liaodong in Ming and Qing Dynasties——A survey based on local chronicles

明清辽东地区的乡贤群体主要由进士、举人、贡生、处士构成,其“贤”特征表现由“学业”向“德行”的代际转变,相较于江南、中原登科入仕稳定的乡贤身份,辽东乡贤整体的文化水平偏低,从事职业也更加多样化,商人、医者、私塾先生等“非入流者”得称乡贤。这一群体除沿袭“表民化俗”的传统职责外,在面对新的外部形势下倡导地方公益、兴建新式学校、操办乡团义勇、抗击俄人,已然由“乡里作为”转向“社会公义”。

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,Liaodong's Country Sages were mainly composed of Jinshi,Juren,Gongsheng,and dealmakers.Their“virtuous”characteristics showed the intergenerational transformation from“study”to“virtue”.Compared with the stable status of Country Sages in Jiangnan and Central Plains,the overall cultural level of Country Sages in Liaodong was low and their occupations were more diversified.Businessmen,doctors,private schools and other“non immigrants”were named country sages.In addition to following the traditional responsibility of“expressing the people and changing the customs”,this group,in the face of the new external situation,advocated the local public welfare,built new schools,operated the village and League volunteers,and fought against the Russians,has changed from“village acts”to“social justice”.