钟馗信仰在日本的传播、形变与实践

The Spread,Transformation and Practice of Zhongkui Belief in Japan

钟馗信仰是中日文化交流史中的一个现象。钟馗在中国随着时代的变化,其形象和功能也随之变化。唐以后,钟馗作为打鬼驱邪的神,其形象和地位逐渐被建构和确立,钟馗像和大衍历成为岁末朝廷向下臣颁发的赐物。日本的遣唐使将钟馗信仰带回日本,平安时代以后钟馗信仰逐渐出现在日本民众的日常生活中。钟馗信仰传入日本民间后,其所具有的功能性与其文化源头的中国有着相似性,但它在民众的宗教信仰具体实践中又有着一定的形变。民众对于钟馗的接受与理解,不完全源于自身的宗教信仰实践,而是趋向于一种表象和形式,对钟馗信仰的程度有弱化的趋势。

Zhongkui Belief is part of the cultural exchange between China and Japan.The images and functions of Zhongkui have changed over time in China.After the Tang Dynasty,as a god of exorcism,the image and position of Zhonggui had been gradually constructed,and the Tang imperial court gave the image of Zhongkui and Dayan calendar to its ministers as gifts at the New Year.The Japanese envoys sent to the Tang brought back Zhongkui belief to Japan and it had gradually appeared in people's daily lives since Heian period.As for the spread of Zhongkui belief in Japan,its functions share some similarities to those in China,which is its cultural original,but it has certain changes in the concrete practice of people's religion belief.The Japanese people's acceptance and understanding of Zhongkui is not entirely originated from their own religious practice,but tends to be a kind of symbol and style,and the Zhongkui belief is showing a weakening trend.