美国教育督导制度发展的历史、特征与启示

History,Characteristics and Enlightenment of the Development of American Educational Supervision System

美国教育督导制度与我国教育督导制度具有相似的发展趋势,即从重“督”轻“导”向重“导”轻“督”转变。本文根据督学资格、督导目的、督导理论和重要历史事件等要素,将美国教育督导制度的演变过程分为5个阶段,分析各阶段美国教育督导制度的发展特点,为我国督学队伍的建设提出4个具体建议。首先,逐步提高督学的任职资格,完善督学资格和培训制度;其次,制订督学的资格底线和高水平资格标准;再次,突出学校的自我监督管理,建立并完善校本督导制度;最后,提升督学的专业权威,使其成为学校教学和教育变革的领导者。

The education supervision system in American has the same development trend as China's education supervision system,that is,the transition from emphasizing“inspection”and ignoring“supervision”to emphasizing“supervision”to neglecting“inspection”.According to the duties,theories and important historical events of supervision in different historical periods,the evolution process of the American education supervision system is divided into five stages.From these five stages,analyze the reasons and characteristics of the development of the American education supervision system,and put forward four specific suggestions for the construction of the supervision team in China:first,gradually improve the qualifications of supervisor and training system of supervisor;second,set the bottom line Qualifications and high-level qualification standards for supervisor;thirdly,highlighting the school s self-supervision and management,establishing and improving the school-based supervision system;finally,promoting the professional authority of supervisor and acting as the leader of school teaching and educational reform.