乾隆朝京师、桐城的暑热疫与温疫知识的重构——以余霖《疫疹一得》为中心

Reconstruction of the Knowledge of the Summer-heat Epidemics in the Capital of Qianlong Dynasty and Tongcheng:——Take Yu Lin’s "Yizhenyide" as the Center

因极端高温气候,乾隆年间京师和桐城多次爆发了暑热疫。在借鉴前人理论的基础上,余霖提出了以重用石膏为核心的治疫新法。新法颇有疗效,但违背了时人畏惧寒凉的观念,招来了知识精英的反对,医学精英则鼎力支持。成儒入圣的儒家观念为余霖创造和坚持新法提供了精神动力,但也使其过分自大,忘记了对新法的进一步探索。这些反映了清代医学知识生产和传播的文化模式,残缺的医疗体制造成了医学知识创新的市场化,市场化激发了民间多元而丰富的创新活力,但大大地减缓了新理论的认定过程,也不利于新理论向社会的传播。

Due to the extreme high temperature climate, the Beijing and Tongcheng county repeatedly suffered outbreaks of summer-heat epidemics during the Qianlong period. On the basis of drawing on previous theories, Yu Lin proposed a new theory of epidemic prevention with the use of large dose of gypsum as the core. The new theory was quite effective, but it violated the concept that people were afraid of coldness, and it drew the opposition of the intellectual elite, and the medical elite was strongly supported. The Confucian concept provided a spiritual impetus for Yu Lin to create and adhere to the new theory, but also made him excessively arrogant and forgot to further explore the new theory. These reflect the cultural model of the production and dissemination of medical knowledge in the Qing Dynasty. The incomplete medical system had resulted in the marketization of medical knowledge innovation. Marketization has stimulated the diverse and rich innovation vitality of the folk, but it greatly slowed down the process of identifying new theories. It was also not conducive to the spread of new theory to society.