中国传统医学典籍中的疫灾书写——基于吴有性《温疫论》的初步考察

Epidemic Disaster Writing in Chinese Traditional Medical Classics——Preliminary Investigation Based on the Wu Youxing’s Treatise on Pestilence

传统医学典籍中有相当丰富的传染病知识,秦汉以降伤寒理论发展到温病学说,医学典籍中的传染病理论建构渐趋完善。在明末吴有性《温疫论》中,不但基于传统医学理论对传染病的病因、症状、病理及诊治办法进行了论述解说,也对温疫类传染病的传染源、传播路径及防治策略进行了探索,提出了戾气病因说、时疫危害说和杂气治疫说等传染病解释体系,并据此对传染病的流行危害进行知识建构和历史书写。相对于《五行志》中按照灾情、灾期和灾区三要素为主的疫灾书写,传统医学典籍诸如《温疫论》中运用戾气、杂气和时疫等概念进行疫灾书写,完全不同于《五行志》的疫灾认识,温病学说中的疫灾书写具备历史灾害书写二分化的鲜明特点。

There is abundant knowledge of infectious diseases in traditional medical classics. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the theory of typhoid fever has developed to the theory of febrile diseases, and the theoretical construction of infectious diseases in medical classics gradually improved. In Wu Youxing’s Treatise on pestilence in the late Ming Dynasty, not only discussed and explained the etiology,symptoms, pathology and diagnosis and treatment methods of infectious diseases based on traditional medical theories, but also explored the infectious source, transmission path and prevention and treatment strategies of epidemic diseases. Wu Youxing put forward the explanation system of infectious diseases, such as the theory of cause of disease, the theory of epidemic damage and the theory of treating epidemic diseases. Compared with WUXINGZHI, the epidemic disaster writing of the traditional medical classics such as the Treatise on pestilence, completely use the epidemic pathogenic factor, miscellaneous qi and epidemic disease that are different from WUXINGZHI,which has distinct characteristics of polarization of epidemic disaster writing.