不同深施肥方式对稻田氨挥发及水稻产量的影响

Effects of deep fertilization methods on ammonia volatilization and rice yield in paddy fields

为探讨减少农田氨排放的方法,探究不同深施肥方式对稻田氨挥发损失、氮素利用率及水稻产量的影响,为水稻合理施肥提供理论依据,在湖南省长沙市金井镇长沙农业环境观测站布置盆栽试验,试验设7个处理,分别为:N0(不施化肥)、S300(传统氮肥撒施)、S210(减氮30%+传统氮肥撒施)、R5(减氮30%+条施,深度为5 cm)、R10(减氮30%+条施,深度为10 cm)、B5(减氮30%+大颗粒球肥深施,深度为5 cm)、B10(减氮30%+大颗粒球肥深施,深度为10 cm)。施肥后第1 d进行氨挥发连续性监测,直至施肥处理氨排放量与不施肥处理无明显差异为止,并在水稻成熟期测定氮含量和产量。结果表明,深施处理可降低田面水铵态氮浓度,促进植株氮素吸收。与S300处理相比,氨挥发损失量降低了30.13%~47.85%。与S210处理相比,深施处理氮素回收率(NRE)提高了9.16%~29.44%;氮素农艺利用效率(NAE)增加了13.85%~32.14%;籽粒生产效率(NGPE)增加了12.18%~28.27%。在减氮30%的基础上,深施处理水稻产量较S210处理增加了12.79%~28.27%,其中B10处理显著减少氨挥发损失量并提高氮素利用率。这说明深施处理有效降低了稻田氨挥发损失,提高了氮素利用率,其中以B10处理(减氮30%+10 cm大颗粒球肥深施)效果最佳;同时深施肥的机械化需要进一步研发和推广。

In order to explore the method of reducing ammonia emissions from farmland,the effects of different deep fertilization methods on the ammonia volatilization loss,nitrogen utilization rate,and rice yield in rice fields were determined to provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilization of rice.Pot experiments were arranged in the Changsha Agricultural Environment Observatory in Jinjing Town,Changsha City,Hunan Province.The effects of different deep fertilization methods on the ammonia volatilization loss,nitrogen utilization efficiency,and rice yield were studied.Seven treatments were used,namely N0(without chemical fertilizer),S300(traditional nitrogen fertilizer application),S210(30%nitrogen reduction+traditional nitrogen fertilizer application),R5(30%nitrogen reduction+strip depth of 5 cm),R10(30%nitrogen reduction+strip depth of 10 cm),B5(30%nitrogen reduction+ball depth of 5 cm),and B10(30%nitrogen reduction+ball depth of 10 cm).Ammonia volatilization was continuously monitored on the first day after fertilization until there was no significant difference between the ammonia emissions from the fertilization treatment and non-fertilization treatment,and the nitrogen content and yield were determined at the mature stage of rice.The results showed that the deep application treatment could reduce the water concentration of NH+4-N in the field surface and promote the nitrogen uptake by plants.Compared with the S300 treatment,the ammonia volatilization loss decreased by 30.13%~47.85%.Compared with the S210 treatment,the nitrogen recovery rate of the deep application increased by 9.16%~29.44%,the nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased by 13.85%~32.14%,and the grain production efficiency increased by 12.18%~28.27%.Based on the nitrogen reduction of 30%,the yield of rice treated with deep application increased by 12.79%~28.27%compared with that of the S210 treatment.The B10 treatment significantly reduced the ammonia volatilization loss and increased the nitrogen utilization rate.As a result,deep application can effectively reduce the ammonia volatilization loss and increase the nitrogen utilization rate in rice fields,and the B10 treatment(30%nitrogen reduction+ball depth of 10 cm)is the most advantageous.The mechanization of deep fertilization needs to be further developed and popularized.