双翅目昆虫基因组研究进展

Progress on genome sequencing of Dipteran insects

双翅目(Diptera)是完全变态昆虫中种类最多样化的昆虫,也是第一个基因组已完整测序的昆虫。目前共有110种双翅目昆虫具有公开的基因组,其中黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)和冈比亚按蚊(Anopheles gambiae)包含数百个种群基因组。比较基因组学阐明了双翅目昆虫的多种生物学问题,为基因组结构变异、遗传机制以及基因、物种、种群的进化速率和进化模式的研究提供了新思路。尽管双翅目昆虫基因组资源丰富,但仍有许多物种缺乏基因组信息。双翅目昆虫基因组研究对于揭示吸血、寄生、授粉和噬菌性等重要行为的多重起源具有重要价值。本文主要介绍了双翅目昆虫基因组的分布和不同物种基因组的特性,以及双翅目昆虫基因组中功能基因如细胞色素P450、免疫、性别决定和分化相关基因的研究进展,对双翅目昆虫比较基因组学中的重大发现进行了总结,以期在快速发展的基因组组学时代为其他物种进行基因组测序提供指导和借鉴,为开发基于基因组的害虫防治和治理提供理论基础。

Diptera is among the most diverse holometabolan insect orders and was the earliest order to have a genome fully sequenced.The genomes of 110 fly species have been sequenced and published and many hundreds of populationlevel genomes have been obtained in the model organisms Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae.Comparative genomics elucidate many aspects of the Dipteran biology,thereby providing insights for on the variability in genome structure,genetic mechanisms,and rates and patterns of evolution in genes,species,and populations.Despite the availability of genomic resources in Diptera,there is still a significant lack of information on many other insects.The sequencing of the genomes in Dipteran insects would be of great value to exhibit multiple origins of key fly behaviors such as blood feeding,parasitism,pollination,and mycophagy.In this review,we briefly summarize the distribution and characteristics of Dipteran genomes,introduce the progress of functional genes such as Cytochrome P450,immunity,sex determination and differentiation related genes in Dipteran genome,and highlight the significant findings generated by comparative genomics approach among Dipteran species.This paper provides the guidelines and references for choosing additional taxa for genome sequencing studies in the rapidly developing genome omics era,and offers a fundamental basis for genome-based pest control and management.