汽车制造工人颈部职业性肌肉骨骼疾患及危险因素探讨

Neck work-related musculoskeletal disorders and risk factors in automobile workers

目的调查汽车制造工人职业性肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs)发病情况,探讨其颈部WMSDs的危险因素。方法采用整群抽样方法,选择广州市1家汽车整车及1家零部件生产企业共8 356名作业人员为研究对象,采用《北欧肌肉骨骼疾患问卷(修改版)》(NMQ)调查WMSDs患病情况,多因素Logistic回归分析颈部WMSDs影响因素,并对危险因素接触情况进行调查分析。结果研究对象WMSDs年患病率为44.6%,其中颈部WMSDs患病率为25.4%(2 126/8 356),以发动机生产及总装岗位作业工人的颈部WMSDs较高,年患病率分别为30.6%、26.3%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,颈部WMSDs的主要危险因素包括年龄、工龄、以不舒服的姿势工作、每天从事同样的工作、涉及到寒冷凉风或气温变化、经常加班、腰背部经常重复同一动作、颈部前倾或后仰、颈部长时间保持同一姿势。调查发现,84.9%的研究对象每天从事同样的工作,总装岗位最高(89.0%);83.5%的作业工人经常加班;81.6%的作业工人工作中颈部前倾或后仰,以发动机生产岗位最为突出(87.5%)。结论汽车制造作业人员WMSDs患病率较高,尤以颈部最为常见,其危险因素主要包括不良工作姿势及不合理的劳动组织,发动机生产及总装岗位是颈部WMSDs的重点风险岗位,应开展有效的工效学干预措施。

Objective To investigate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders(WMSDs),and explore the risk factors of neck WMSDs in automobile workers.Methods A total of 8 356 workers from a vehicle manufacturing enterprise and an auto parts manufacturer in Guangzhou city were selected as research subjects using cluster sampling method.The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire(NMQ)was used to investigate the prevalence of WMSDs,multiple Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of neck WMSDs,and the situation of its exposure.Results The results showed that the annual prevalence of WMSDs was 44.6%,the prevalence of neck WMSDs was 25.4%(2 126/8 356),especially in workers of engine production and assembly sections(30.6% and 26.3%,respectively).Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that the main risk factors of neck WMSDs including age,service length,working in an uncomfortable position,repeated the same work everyday,working involved cold air or temperature changes,frequent overtime,often repeated the same movement at work,neck forward or backward at work.The survey found that 84.9% of the study subjects repeated the same work every day,especially the assembly workers(89.0%),83.5% of the workers often worked overtime,and 81.6% of the workers’ necks tilted forward or backward at work,especially the engine production workers(87.5%).Conclusion The results suggested that the prevalence of WMSDs in automobile workers was relatively high,especially in neck;the main risk factors include bad work posture and unreasonable labor organization;additionally,engine production and assembly sections were the key risk positions of neck WMSDs in automotive industry,therefore,the effective ergonomic interventions should be carried out.