非洲猪瘟新型疫苗研究进展

Research Progress of Novel Vaccines against African Swine Fever Virus

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)已存在约一个世纪,给世界养猪业带来巨大损失和威胁。为此国内外科学家一直致力于ASF疫苗研究,从早期的灭活疫苗、弱毒活疫苗到目前的新型疫苗,包括基因缺失减毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、病毒活载体疫苗、DNA疫苗、单周期病毒疫苗等。但直到现在,世界上仍未制造出切实有效并投入生产的ASF疫苗。研究发现:灭活疫苗不具有保护性或仅具有部分保护性;亚单位疫苗具有部分保护性;基因缺失减毒活疫苗被证实具有同源保护性,但其安全问题仍未得到解决;病毒活载体疫苗虽会产生特异性抗体,但仍需要进一步研究;DNA疫苗虽然能够诱导产生体液免疫和细胞免疫,但不能提供保护。目前,一种新型的单周期病毒疫苗正被研究,也为ASF新型疫苗研制提供了新选择。随着基因工程技术与分子生物学技术的不断发展以及对ASF病毒基因组研究的不断深入,ASF疫苗有望研制成功。

African swine fever virus(ASFV)has remained for about a century,which has brought huge economic losses and threats to the world.Therefore,the study on vaccines against ASFV has been continued by scientists both at home and abroad,from the early inactivated vaccines,attenuated live vaccines to current new vaccines,including gene deletion attenuated live vaccines,subunit vaccines,live vector vaccines,DNA vaccines,single-cycle virus vaccines,etc.But up to now,no effective vaccine had been developed or produced.It was studied that inactivated vaccines were not protective or partially protective;subunit vaccines were partially protective;gene deletion live attenuated vaccines had been proven to be homologous-protective,but their safety had not been solved;although live vector vaccines could produce specific antibodies,further research was still needed;DNA vaccines could induce humoral or cellular immunity,but failed to provide protection.At present,a kind of novel single-cycle virus vaccine was being studied,which also provided a new option for the development of novel vaccines against ASFV.With the continuous development of genetic engineering technology and molecular biology technology as well as the in-depth study on ASFV genome,vaccines against ASF were expected to be successfully developed.