滇北苗语词汇类型学特征

A Lexical Typological Feature of Hmong in Northen Yunnan

滇北苗语的词汇与苗语3个方言代表点在词汇音节、构词法和借词3个方面比较起来具有一定的类型学特征。滇北苗语的优势音节是单音节和双音节,前缀构词、复合式构词和重叠式构词丰富,现代汉语借词是丰富词汇的主要手段。此外,滇北苗语用于构词的前缀较多,除了名词前缀,还广泛使用动词前缀hi 44-。复合式构词除了苗语普遍遵循的联合式、修饰式、补充式、支配式4种构词方式外,还广泛使用主谓式构词。此外,滇北苗语修饰性复合词的正偏式结构多于偏正式结构,表明滇北苗语的词汇较好地保留了苗语的原始构词方式。

Compared with Hmong languages in China,the vocabulary of Hmong in northern Yunnan has certain typological characteristics in terms of syllable,word-formation and loan words.The dominant syllables of Hmong in northern Yunnan are monosyllable and disyllable.Its prefix word-formation,compound word-formation and overlapping word-formation are abundant.Modern Chinese loanwords are the main means to enrich its vocabulary.Its prefixes are relatively more abundant than other Hmong languages,except for its rich noun prefixes,the verb prefix hi 44-is widely used.Besides the four word-formation modes of combination,modifier,complement and domination,the word-formation of subject-predicate is widely used.Among the word-formation modes,the mode of head+modifier overwhelms the mode of modifier+head,which indicates that the vocabulary of Hmong in northern Yunnan retains the original word-formation mode of Hmong languages.