《史记·五帝本纪》所见的权力更替

Power Replacement in the Five Emperors in The Historical Records

《史记》记载的五帝是指五人帝,即黄帝、颛顼、帝喾、帝尧、帝舜。“五帝”的继承皆在黄帝氏族之中,包括尧、舜、禹之禅让,皆为同一氏族中继承,舜即是尧部族“贵戚及疏远隐匿者”,所以“五帝”的继承和禅让依然是“家天下”,只是这个“家”是一个氏族“大家”;黄帝、帝尧、帝舜的即位是三次变革,他们的继承都有武力或强权,建立统治后为了宣告自己的统治,都改或正历法。三次变革中体现的因素满足张光直先生提到的维护政治权威的要素。五帝时期自黄帝至帝舜,乃至帝禹时,中央天子之权呈逐渐增强的趋势,尤其是其后的帝禹时,有了财政、贡赋支配权,统治阶级才能成为职业化的上层贵族,才能从氏族成员中脱离出来,最终建立第一个王朝。

The five emperors in The Historical Records refer to Huangdi,Zhuanxu,Diku,Diyao and Dishun.The inheritance and abdication of"Five Emperors"are all in the clan of Huangdi,including the abdication of Yao,Shun and Yu,all of which are inherited from the same clan.Shun is the"noble relatives and distant hideouts"of Yao Tribe.Therefore,the inheritance and abdication of"Five Emperors"are still"family world",but this"family"is a clan"master";the accession of Huangdi,Diyao and Dishun is three changes Shun inherited by force or power,after the establishment of the rule,in order to declare their own rule,all changed or corrected the calendar.During the period of five emperors,from Huangdi to Dishun(Emperor Shun),and even to Emperor Yu,the power of the central son of heaven gradually increased.Especially in the later Emperor Yu,with the power of Finance and tribute,the ruling class could become a professional upper class aristocrat,be separated from the clan people,and finally establish the first dynasty.