论我国慈善信托法律制度的变迁逻辑与完善路径

On the Changing Logic and Perfecting Path of the Legal System of Charitable Trust in China

我国慈善信托法律制度并非是对于域外规定的直接“搬运”,而是在吸取其制度经验基础上的有意创新。一方面,我国慈善信托借鉴英国慈善信托对日本公益信托的比较优势,降低信托设立环节的“显性”和“隐性”成本,以解决公益信托“激励不足”的问题;另一方面,对英国慈善信托制度加以“扬弃”,通过激励委托人参与信托内部监督和治理、监管机构回归外部监管本位,以克服其“监管不力”的问题,对“激励不足”和“监管不力”的克服是我国从公益信托到慈善信托制度变迁的核心逻辑。我国慈善信托制度的完善路径应注重发挥制度优势,针对相关规章和实践中存在的规则缺位、权力越位和制度虚位三类问题,应秉持《慈善法》所彰显的制度理念,以体系化思维予以纠正或协调,包括完善委托人会议制度和信托监察人设置规则,充分保障委托人的信托内部监督权利,落实备案前公益性审查制度,以民政部门为中心加强监管协作。

The legal system of charitable trust in China is not a direct“handling”of the extraterritorial provisions,but a deliberate innovation based on the experience of the system.On the one hand,China’s charitable trusts draw lessons from the comparative advantages of British charitable trusts over Japanese public trusts to reduce the“explicit”and“implicit”costs in the establishment of trusts,so as to solve the problem of“insufficient incentive”in public trusts.Also on the charitable trust system,on the other hand,“sublation”,by encouraging the client to participate in the internal supervision and management of the trust,regulators regression external supervision standard,to overcome the problem of the“regulation”,of“insufficient incentive”and the“regulation”overcome change from public trust to the charitable trust system in China is the core logic.The improvement of the system of charitable trust path should pay attention to make full use of its advantages in system,according to relevant regulations and rules that exist in the practice,authority,offside and the system virtual three kinds of problems,should adhere to the act of charity showing the system concept,corrected or coordinate with systematic thinking,including perfect client meeting system and the trust supervisor set rules,fully protect the rights of the trust of the principal internal oversight,to carry out the record before the public welfare censorship,centered on civil affairs departments to strengthen supervision coordination.