刑法中组织支配理论的逻辑及其反思

Logic of the Theory of Domination by Virtue of An Organization in Criminal Law and Its Introspection

组织支配理论认为,当犯罪组织本身具有科层制结构、在行为领域整体背离于法律且作为直接行为人的组织成员可替换时,组织头目就成立间接正犯。但是,直接执行者的可替换性只是受命者众多的结果,并非不法组织犯罪所特有的,构成要件行为会被实施的确定性只是受命者众多带来的概率累积,不能以整体考察得出的高概率肯定具体构成要件实现中的支配性。组织支配理论没有论证组织头目如何实现了意思支配,其脱离具体构成要件判断组织支配,最终滑向了构成要件结果支配,违背了行为支配的本来含义。不存在任何意思瑕疵、行为完全自由的直接行为人无法成为被间接正犯利用的“行为工具”,组织支配理论肯定完全自由的正犯背后的正犯,有悖意思自主原则。将组织头目认定为教唆犯,不会轻纵组织头目。

In light of the theory of domination by virtue of an organization,ringleaders of a criminal organization should be perpetrators,if i)the organization has a hierarchical structure,ii)it detaches itself from the law in the area of its criminally relevant activities,and iii)executors are fungible.However,the fungibility of the direct executor is solely a consequence of the existence of numerous available instigated people,which does not only exist in a criminal organization.Ringleaders could almost be certain that a constituent act would be carried out by someone,but that is only because of the accumulation of probabilities brought by numerous available instigated people.The dominance over the realization of specific constituent elements should not be affirmed based on an overall inspection.The theory of domination by virtue of an organization does not demonstrate how the ringleaders achieve their control over the will,and judges domination without specific constituent elements,which actually results in the domination of the constituent result instead of control over the constituent act.Behaviors of any person without flaws in will should be deemed as totally free,so that he cannot be“used”as an act tool.Nevertheless,in accordance with the theory of domination by virtue of an organization,a perpetrator behind a totally free direct perpetrator can also be admitted,which is contrary to the principle of autonomy.Even if ringleaders are recognized as instigators,they would not be lightly punished.