纳米杀虫剂及其在农业害虫防治中的应用

Nanoinsecticides and their application in agricultural insect pest management

纳米技术在农业领域的应用受到极大关注,期望该技术可提高农药和肥料的利用率,提升应用效果。近年来,纳米技术在农业害虫防控方面取得了许多进展,为绿色农业、现代化农业、智能农业的发展奠定了基础。本文综述了纳米杀虫剂的应用优势和增效途径的研究现状。纳米杀虫剂的优势源于:纳米载体可能损伤害虫体壁造成失水或扰乱害虫的正常生理功能;功能化的纳米载体可实现靶向递药而提高药物利用率;纳米载体上功能基团的引入及其尺度效应,提高了杀虫剂在植物表面的粘附性及被植物吸收的性能;可运载核酸农药进入植物,进而调控植物或害虫的目标基因的表达。纳米杀虫剂虽表现出诸多优势,但仍有问题亟待研究:(1)植物吸收纳米杀虫剂依赖于颗粒尺度和载体种类,应根据应用场景选择适合的尺度和载体,在提高农药利用率的同时降低农药残留;(2)应结合纳米杀虫剂在自然环境中的降解、转移和富集行为及因载体差异而产生的影响,综合评价纳米杀虫剂的环境风险;(3)目前,大多数纳米杀虫剂的制备工艺过于复杂和精细而不适合工业化生产;(4)应制定纳米杀虫剂制剂的标准及环境风险评价准则,为农药登记提供依据。此外,纳米传感器在农业害虫监测中的应用也值得关注。

Nanotechnology has received great attention in the field of agriculture,and it is expected to improve the utilization rate and application effect of pesticides and fertilizers.In recent years,a number of experiments have been carried out to verify the potential for nanoinsecticides controlling agricultural insect pests and laid the foundation for the green agriculture,modern agriculture and intelligent agriculture.In this article,we reviewed the research status of the advantages of nanoinsecticides and the mechanisms of their synergistic effects.The advantages of nanoinsecticides lie in that:nanocarriers may damage the body wall,causing water loss or disturbing the normal physiological function of pests;the active ingredients can be delivered to the target position by the functionalized nanocarriers for improving utilization rate;the adhesion of insecticides on plant surface and their absorption by plants can be improved due to the functional groups and nanoscale effects of nanocarriers;and nucleic acid pesticides can be transported into plants by nanocarriers to regulate the expression of target genes in plants or pests.Although nanoinsecticides show many advantages,there are still some problems to be studied:(1)the uptake of nanoinsecticides by plants depends on the size and type of carrier,so suitable scales and carriers should be selected according to the application scenarios to improve the utilization rate of pesticides while reducing pesticide residues;(2)it is of great significance to comprehensively evaluate the environmental risks of nanoinsecticides by studying their degradation,transfer,and enrichment behavior in the environment as well as the influence caused by the difference in carriers;(3)at present,the preparation process of most of nanoinsecticides is too complex and sophisticated to be suitable for industrialization;and(4)the standard of nano-preparation and the evaluation criteria of environmental risks should be established to provide the basis for pesticide registration.In addition,the potential of nanosensors in agricultural pest monitoring is also worth attention.