《水浒传》契约精神的悲剧性呈现

Tragic Presentation of the Contract Spirit in Outlaws of the Marsh

维新运动前后,国人就已经注意到《水浒传》中隐伏着一定的"契约精神",这与西方的现代民主法治思潮有着一定的相通度。从"契约"的角度出发探究《水浒传》的艺术性与思想性的关系,则会有一系列新的发现:第一,《水浒传》在起点上,将"陈桥让位"与"误走妖魔"并置,其中传递出来的"合意"与"自由"的精神,正是达成契约的前提。第二,丹书铁券与石碣的反复出现,可视为契约精神的贯穿。第三,作为《水浒传》最大关节的聚义,正是契约精神的集中演示。"水浒契约"将"身份"与"目的"绑定,将"身份契约"凌驾于"目的契约"之上,悲剧性地呈现为结拜,是受它的时代所限。梁山好汉之所以屡屡成为触犯刑律的"罪犯",沦为难逃恶性循环的"魔君",其根本原因在于他们被当成了"伦理意义上"的"不法者"。梁山好汉对"水浒契约"的创制及近于病态的依赖,其实是一群失伦者的身份重建行为。

Before and after the Reform Movement, Chinese people have noticed that there is a certain "contract spirit" in the novel Outlaws of the Marsh, which is similar to the Western modern democratic and legal thoughts. But all along, whether in the academic review or in the artistic processing of film and television drama adaptation, there is still a lack of comprehensive, objective and clear presentation with this spirit. From the perspective of "contract", this paper explores the relationship between the artistic quality and the ideological quality of Outlaws of the Marsh, and reaches a series of new findings: First, Outlaws of the Marsh juxtaposes "The Abdication of Chen Qiao" and "Releasing the Evil Spirits by Mistake" at the starting point, in which the spirits of "agreement" and "freedom" is the premise of reaching the contract. Second, the repeated appearance of Dan Shu Tie Juan and Shi Jie can be regarded as the penetration of the spirit of contract. Third, as the biggest joint of the novel, Juyi is the concentrated demonstration of the spirit of contract. However, the "Water Margin contract" is achieved mainly through sworn allegiance. This shows that this contract binds "identity" and "purpose", and places "identity contract" above "purpose contract", which creates a "prisoner’s dilemma" that people can not stop. The tragic appearance of "Water Margin contract" as a pledge of allegiance is limited by its times. The reason why the heroes of Liangshan have repeatedly become "criminals" who violate the criminal law and become "demon lords" who are hard to escape the vicious circle is that they are regarded as "lawbreakers" in the "ethical sense". The creation and morbid dependence of Liangshan heroes on the "Water Margin contract" is actually the identity reconstruction behavior of a group of lost people. In the era recorded in Outlaws of the Marsh, China’s "society" is experiencing ethical fission of "family and country". Liangshan heroes are not only the victims of this ethical fission, but also the rescuers and martyrs. Therefore, Liangshan heroes are neither demons nor gods, but ethical heroes who hope to create "entity" through contract and to save themselves and the world.