浅析唐宋变革对宋代书法的影响

An Elementary Analysis of the Reform of the Tang and Song Dynasties on Calligraphy of the Song Dynasties

唐宋历史变革带来了文化上的一系列转型,进而影响到了书法。唐代以“身言书判”为官吏铨选的标准,书法的重要地位不言而喻,而宋代则不以书取仕,科举考试又实行誊录制,文人士大夫对书法造诣都不够重视,这也就是宋代楷书整体偏差的原因。由中唐酝酿、到北宋成型、再到南宋趋于成熟的理学伴随着唐宋文化的转型,对宋代书论产生了很大影响。宋代文人地位高于唐代,随着城市俗文化的兴起,文人们开始了对“尚意”“重韵”“重学”等理念的推崇,文人书法形成了宋代书坛的中坚力量。

The cultural transition brought about by the historical reform in the Tang(618-907)and Song(960-1279)Dynasties was also felt by calligraphy.In the Tang Dynasty,officials were selected according to four criteria–behavior,argument,calligraphy and judgment–that emphasized the importance of calligraphy.In the Song Dynasties,calligraphy was no longer listed as a requirement for officialdom,which,in addition to the official practice of third-person copying of imperial examination papers,resulted in devaluation of calligraphy among the intellectuals.This explained why the overall standard of regular script was reduced to a lower level in the Song Dynasties.Meanwhile,the Confucian school of philosophy that appeared in the mid-Tang Dynasty,took shape in the Northern Song Dynasty and matured in the Southern Song Dynasty worked with the cultural transition mentioned above shed great impact on calligraphy of the Song Dynasties.Intellectual of the Song Dynasties enjoyed higher social status than their Tang counterparts and,influenced by the fledgling folk culture,began to advocate notions like“conception”,“implication”and“learning”and thus gradually became the leading force of calligraphy.