我国地方立法合宪性审查制度特色研究

The Characteristic Analysis of the Constitutionality Review of Local Legislation in China

我国已经建立起以人大及人大常委会为中心的对地方立法多层次的审查机制,并且借助备案审查制度展开了相应实践,地方立法合宪性审查对我国法制建设具有重要意义。鲜明的制度优势是我国制度自信的依据,本文通过比较中美两国宪法监督制度中宪法审查主体对地方法规审查的实践,总结我国制度特点及优势。我国地方立法的合宪性审查制度特点为以立法机关为中心,对地方法规的审查主要体现为备案审查形式,对不适当的地方法规通过协商与沟通的方式进行调整。美国的违宪审查制度以司法为中心,借助判例法推进地方法规规范。我国优势体现为审查主体的民主性特点、备案审查制度的层次完整且效率较高、共识型纠错方式中的良性互动等。地方立法的合宪性审查制度可以进一步明确审查标准、保持制度的公开性、在合法性审查与合宪性审查关系中重视合宪性审查的推进。

It is especially important to local legislation consistent with the constitution.In this paper the constitutional supervision system in China will be compared with the constitutional review practice subject to local regulations in U.S.In order to find the characteristics of ours,this paper using the resources of case law in the United States and the record review of our country recently to form a comparative analysis.We conclude that the National People’s Congress and the standing committee of National People’s Congress is the center of our system,we use the record review as the review means,and negotiation and communication is the main methods to adjust the inconsistent in local Legislation.The advantage of our system are democracy,high efficiency,and harmonious communication.