明末南京韵书《音义便考》唇音开合口辨析

A Further Study of the Opening and Closing Mouth of Labials Based on Yinyi Biankao(《音义便考》)Reflected the Nanjing Mandarin Phonetics of Late Ming Dynasty

李登《音义便考》是明末一部重要官话韵书,在近代语音研究史上备受关注。而学界因为韵书材料的残缺,未能对其内部的一些重要的语音现象作系统研究,如其唇音开合口问题就值得进一步考察。《音义便考》31个韵部(以平赅上去,入声韵单列)能与唇音拼合的计24个,其中唇音为合口的韵部有6个,开口的韵部有18个。《音义便考》与早期官话韵书《中原音韵》相较,只有歌戈韵(歌韵)情况不同。与同期官话韵书《西儒耳目资》相较,方法虽各异,结论却全同。中士李登之等韵图记音与西儒金尼阁的罗马字注音,殊途同归。从《音义便考》及相关韵书的唇音情况来看,近代汉语语音唇音是分开合的,但是不对立。从近代汉语官话唇音分开合发展到现代汉语普通话不分开合,唇音合口介音u的消失有一个渐变的过程。

Yinyi Biankao(《音义便考》) is an important phonological dictionary written by Li-Deng( 李登) of Nanjing in Ming dynasty,which have reflected the Mandarin Phonetics in the middle and late Ming dynasty. However, our all previous studies are defective in that the edition of library collection of the Palace Museum is an incomplete version which is really worthy of our attention. Of the 31 rhymes, there are 24 are labials, 6 are closing-mouth and 18 are opening-mouth. Compared with Zhongyuan Yinyun(《中原音韵》), the opening and closing mouth of labials are exactly the same, except Ge-rhyme( 歌韵) of Yinyi Biankao. While Western scholars and Chinese scholars take different routes to phonetic record in Xi Ru Er Mu Zi(《西儒耳目资》) and Yinyi Biankao, the results are consistent. Based on this, we have a more clear understanding that labials can separated by opening and closing mouth, but not opposing. Closing mouth of labials in modern Mandarin can only spelled with rhymes of main vowel with closing mouth( 主元音为合口), but in Yinyi Biankao they can also spell with rhymes of medial with closing mouth/u/.