对汉语负面排他标记来源的再探讨——以中古译经文献为中心

Further Discussion on the Negative Exclusion Markers in Chinese

本文以中古汉语译经文献为主(兼及本土文献)对汉语"除舍"类负面排他标记的来源、在中古时期的使用情况以及一些相关的具体问题,做进一步的探讨,认为佛经传入之前汉语已经存在负面排他范畴,使用的标记形式为"自(非)",而"除舍"类负面排他标记虽然在东汉译经中已有萌芽,但主要是在魏晋以后才逐步发展起来的。"除舍"类负面排他标记的产生主要是汉语"除舍"义动词自身语义演变的结果,佛经翻译以其口语性强的优势起到了推动作用。中古时期"除"的追加用法也已经产生,而非此前学者们认为的唐宋以后才产生。至于追加用法产生的途径,显然是由其表排他的用法自然引申而来的,而非经由对反问句的重新分析才产生。

This paper makes use of the medieval Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures(and the Native Chinese literature) to further explore the source of the negative exclusion marks in Chinese and the use of them in the Middle Ages and some related specific problems. It is believed that before the Buddhist scriptures were introduced into China, there existed negative exclusion categories in Chinese, and the marking form was Zi(Fei) 自( 非 ).Although the negative exclusion marks of Chu she( 除 舍) have already sprouted in the Chinese-translated Buddhist scriptures of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it mainly developed after the Wei and Jin dynasties. In the medieval Chinese, the supplementary usage of Chu( 除 ) also came into being, and the pathway of its production was obviously derived naturally from its exclusive usage, rather than from the reanalysis of rhetorical questions.