本体论个体主义的理论背景、基本共识与内在挑战

Ontological Individualism:Theoretical Backgrounds,Basic Consensuses,and Internal Challenges

在当代社会本体论领域中,本体论个体主义是大多数学者接受的主流观点。本体论个体主义起源于社会科学的方法论之争,在这种争论中本体论个体主义与方法论个体主义走向解耦,并逐渐发展出精致化的观点。当前,本体论个体主义观点的核心主张主要表现为两种不同的理论共识,其一是随附性论题,即主张社会事实随附于个体事实;其二是社会建构论模型,即主张社会实在是通过个体的态度和行动塑造出来的。本体论个体主义在许多方面都为社会科学奠定了合理的本体论基础,但是也面临着一些必须面对的挑战,尤其是针对人类中心主义局限性的批评直接冲击了本体论个体主义的立论基础。

In the field of contemporary social ontology,ontological individualism is the mainstream view accepted by most scholars.Ontological individualism originated from the methodological debate in social science,in which ontological individualism and methodological individualism became decoupled and more sophisticated views were gradually developed.Currently,the core claims of ontological individualism can be articulated as two different theoretical consensuses.One is the supervenience thesis,which suggests social facts supervene on individual facts.Another is the social construction model,which holds that social reality is shaped by individual attitudes and actions.Ontological individualism has laid a reasonable ontological foundation for social science in many aspects,meanwhile it also faces some challenges,especially the criticism on the flaws of anthropocentrism directly impacts the basis of ontological individualism.