清代传统产业技术标准的近代化转型

On the Modernizing Transformation of Technology Standardization for Traditional Industry in Qing Dynasty

目前普遍认为,工业产业的近代标准化起源于西方,其进程与两次工业革命并行推进。在同时期的清代中国,传统手工产业也经历着以匠作则例的编纂与实施为特征的技术标准化进程。通过对各种匠作则例文本的解读可以发现,清代的产业技术标准化已经具备了诸如标准化文件制定与实施、标准件的应用、标准化生产方式的采用等西方近代标准化的若干特征,但是在引入机器生产之前清代的产业技术标准化转型并没有突破中国传统的以计工、计料为中心的质量标准体系。通过对这一时期中、西产业技术标准化进程的对比,可以发现清代中国的产业技术标准化虽然出现近代转型趋势,但是在管理体制、标准制定与推动等方面与西方存在较大的差距。

It is generally believed that the modernization of industrial industry originated in the West,and its progress was advanced in parallel with the two industrial revolutions.In the same period of Qing Dynasty in China,the traditional handicraft industry also experienced the technical standardization process characterized by the compilation and implementation of craftsmanship.Through the interpretation of various examples of artisans,it can be found that the standardization of industrial technology in Qing Dynasty has already possessed several characteristics of Western modernization,such as the development and implementation of standardized documents,the application of standard parts and the adoption of standardized production methods.However,before the introduction of machine production,the transformation of industrial technology standardization in Qing Dynasty did not break through the traditional Chinese quality standard system based on calculation and planning.By comparing the process of industrial technology standardization between China and the West in this period,it can be found that although the industrial technology standardization in Qing Dynasty has a modern transformation trend,there is a big gap with the West in terms of management system,standard formulation and promotion.