野生动物利用法律制度的嬗变与破局

Adaptation and Disruption of the Legal Regime for Wildlife Use

我国野生动物立法经历了基于国有自然资源的保护、基于商业的规范利用和以禁食为切入点深化改革三次嬗变。以规范供给为主导的前端控制模式来限制野生动物的利用,使得立法意图与实际效果转化产生偏差。禁食野生动物的法律规范应纳入野生动物限制利用这一更大的制度背景,新冠疫情防控要求从保护野生动物、保障人体健康、维护生物安全和公共卫生安全、促进生态文明建设的制度意图中获得正当性的评价。应在考量比例原则和成本收益分析的基础上确定风险预防的界限,要为确定"剩余风险"科学理性的事实判断与社会理性的价值选择提供沟通的平台,在沟通商谈的过程中,真正使得立法既符合科学的安全考量又获得最大程度的社会认可,实现科学立法与民主立法的统一。

China’s wild animal legislation has experienced three changes based on the protection of state-owned natural resources,normative commercial use,and deepening reform with fasting as an entry point.The dominant front-end control mode of supply regulation is used to limit the use of wild animals,which makes deviation between the legislative intention and the actual effect.The law for fasting wild animals should be incorporated into the larger institutional background of restricted use of wild animals,the prevention and control of new coronavirus pandemic requires an evaluation of the legitimacy from the institutional intentions of protecting wild animals,ensuring human health,maintaining biological safety and public health safety,and promoting the construction of ecological civilization.The limits of risk prevention should be determined on the basis of the principle of proportionality and cost-benefit analysis.And a communication platform should be provided for scientific rational fact determination and social rational value selection to determinate the"residual risk".In the process of democratic consultation,it truly makes legislation not only conforms to scientific safety considerations but also obtains the greatest degree of social recognition and realizes the unification of scientific legislation and democratic legislation.