制度变迁史视域下人工智能法律主体地位的法理诠释

Jurisprudence Interpretation of the Legal Subject Status of Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Institutional Change History

随着人工智能对政治体制、经济模式及文化图景影响的不断加强,关于人工智能法律问题的研究日渐显得兴趣盎然,其对传统法律主体理论的冲击加深了这一热度。对于人工智能是否具有法律主体地位,肯定观、否定观和有限人格观作了回应,但观点分别存在基本要件及构成要素不整全、论证理由与现实相悖、立场缺乏正当性的情形。通过制度变迁史的理论分析,审视法律主体地位的认定标准,从具备理性能力的实质要件、权利能力的形式要件及符合社会功能的价值取向三部分来证立人工智能的主体资格,各部分的具体论述能够对人工智能的主体性予以凸显。

With the increasing influence of artificial intelligence on the political system,economic model and cultural aspects,the research on legal issues of artificial intelligence has been the spotlight,and its impact on the traditional legal subject theory has cultivated to this discussion. Does artificial intelligence have a legal subject status? The affirmative,negative and limited personality views respond to this question,but they have the limitations such as basic elements and constituent elements of the views are incomplete,the argumentation reasons are contrary to reality,and the positions lack legitimacy. Through the theoretical analysis of the institutional change history,the standard for determining the status of legal subjects is examined,and the subject qualifications of artificial intelligence are verified from three parts: the substantive elements of rational ability,the formal elements of right ability,and the value orientation in line with social functions. The specific discussion can highlight the subjectivity of artificial intelligence.