“规模实现”抑或“技术耗散”:地权稳定如何影响农户农业生产效率

“Achievement of Scale”or“Dissipation of Technology”:How Does Stability of Land Rights Affect Agricultural Production Efficiency of Farmers

以往关于农地产权影响农业生产效率的研究大多借助地权稳定性与安全性的情景设置,忽视了效率结构层次性及其反映出的农业经营管理问题。本研究将农户农业生产效率细分为综合效率、纯技术效率和规模效率,基于2016年中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)数据,实证分析地权稳定性对农业生产效率的影响及其作用机制。研究结果表明:(1)地权稳定性增强总体上显著提高了农户农业生产规模效率,显著抑制了纯技术效率,但对综合效率并无明确影响。(2)地权稳定性对农户农业生产效率具有直接效应和间接效应。稳定地权通过增加农户农业劳动力投入提高了综合效率;通过农业投资、农地流转和劳动力投入改善了规模效率;地权稳定的投资激励与土地流转激励效应诱发了纯技术效率耗散。(3)村庄统一提供的外部农机服务会造成农业生产效率损失,规模实现情境下农户内部的农机自我服务效率强于外包服务。(4)劳动力非农转移引致的兼业化程度加深将显著改善农户农业生产纯技术效率。本文强调,稳定地权的制度实施中,全职农民并不具备与生产要素改变相匹配的农地经营管理水平和技术要素应用能力,单一的稳定地权对农业生产效率产生“拔苗助长”的负面影响,而“能人”种地和农民企业家的出现也许是改善纯技术效率的良方。

Previous studies on the impact of agricultural land property rights on agricultural production efficiency mostly rely on the scenario setting of the stability and security of land ownership,ignoring the hierarchy of efficiency structure and the agricultural management problems reflected.Based on the data of ChinaLabor Force Dynamic Survey(CLDS)in 2016,this paper empirically analyzes the impact of land ownership stability on agricultural production efficiency and its mechanism.The results show that:(1)the stability of land ownership significantly improves the agricultural production scale efficiency of farmers,significantly inhibits the pure technical efficiency,but has no clear impact on the comprehensive efficiency;(2)the stability of land ownership has direct and indirect effects on the agricultural production efficiency of farmers.To stabilize the land ownership,the comprehensive efficiency can be improved by increasing the agricultural labor input of farmers;the scale efficiency can be improved by agricultural investment,farmland circulation and labor input;the pure technical efficiency dissipation is induced by the investment incentive and land transfer incentive effect of stable land ownership;(3)the external agricultural machinery service provided by the village will cause the loss of agricultural production efficiency,and the internal farmers in the context of scale realization will be caused.The results show that the efficiency of agricultural machinery self-service is better than that of outsourcing service;(4)the deepening of part-time employment caused by non-agricultural labor transfer will significantly improve the pure technical efficiency of agricultural production.This paper emphasizes that in the implementation of the system of stable land ownership,full-time farmers do not have the level of agricultural land management and the application ability of technical elements matching with the change of production factors.A single stable land ownership will have a negative impact on agricultural production efficiency,and the emergence of“capable person”farming land and farmer entrepreneurs may be the good ways to improve the pure technical efficiency.