降低助学贷款长期违约风险的国际经验及启示

International Experience and Enlightenment on Reducing the Longterm Default Risk of Student Loans

完善国家助学贷款机制,对实现减贫脱贫目标、推动教育公平、维护社会稳定具有重要意义。从国际经验来看,还款负担与偿还能力直接影响助学贷款履约率,延长偿还期限并不显著提升违约率。设计合理的“基于收入比例还款”方式,可解决抵押品不足问题,缓解短期信贷约束,降低长期违约风险。财政补贴可控、贷款资金来源市场化、高校责任明晰的风险分担机制,有助于提升助学贷款的金融可持续性。我国助学贷款目前运行较为平稳,但存在抵押品缺乏、信息不对称、还款方式单一、风险分担不均衡等问题。建议:一是借鉴国际主流的“基于收入比例还款”模式,提供更多还款方式和还款期限选择,优化还款门槛和减免条件设置;二是健全风险分担机制,明确和细化政府、高校和银行三方的管理责任;三是进一步完善公共管理基础设施与配套制度。

Improving the national student loan mechanism is of great significance to achieving the goal of poverty alleviation,promoting education equity,and maintaining social stability.From the international experience,the repayment burden and ability to repay directly influence the performance rate of student loans,and extending the term of repayment cannot significantly increase the performance rate.A reasonably designed"repayment based on income ratio"method can solve the problem of insufficient collateral,ease short-term credit constraints,and reduce long-term default risks.A risk-sharing mechanism with controllable financial subsidies,market-oriented sources of loan funds,and clear responsibilities for universities will help improve the financial sustainability of student loans.Currently,the current operation of student loans in China is relatively stable,but there are problems such as lack of collateral,asymmetric information,single repayment method,and uneven risk sharing.The first recommendation in this paper is to learn from"repayment based on income ratio"model of the international mainstream,provide more options for repayment methods and options of repayment term,and optimize the setting of repayment thresholds and reduction or exemption conditions;the second is to improve the risk sharing mechanism,clarify and refine the management responsibilities of the government,universities and banks;the third is to further improve the public management infrastructure and supporting systems.