论宋代士大夫沉潜向内的审美趋向

On the Aesthetic Tendency of Introvertness of the Scholar-officials in the Song Dynasty

贯穿于宋代偃武修文、"守内虚外"的治国之策,加之有宋一代此起彼伏的党争对士大夫宦海沉浮无常的影响,使宋代文人士大夫渐渐远离了唐代文人那种尚武任侠、对外建功立业的外倾式审美趋向,而普遍将自己的情感世界和精神追求转向书斋、转向自我、转向对日常平淡琐细生活的品味和体认。由此,品书为文、抚琴弈棋、收藏图书字画、鉴赏金石文玩等书斋化的生活方式,以及大量诗词作品中对隐逸情怀的抒发和对日常平淡琐细生活题材的热衷,皆成为宋代文人士大夫着意追求的雅尚爱好,并由此将其作为调适或安顿个体灵魂的精神家园。宋代之所以能成为中国历史上文化和科学极为繁盛的时代,与宋代士大夫所凸显出来的内敛自省、沉潜向内的审美趋向不无关系。

Throughout the Song Dynasty,it was a national policy of favoring literature over martial arts,being strict in internal defense and lax in border defense.Together with the influence of the repeated factional struggles in the Song Dynasty on the rise and fall of scholar-officials'career,the Literati and officialdom in the Song Dynasty gradually moved away from the outward-looking aesthetic tendency of the literati and officialdom in the Tang Dynasty,which advocated chivalry and meritorious service.They generally turned their emotional world and spiritual pursuit to their study and self the taste and recognition of ordinary and trivial daily life.As a result,reading for literature,playing the piano and playing chess,collecting books,calligraphy and paintings,appreciating epigraphy,expressing the feelings of seclusion in poems and works,as well as being keen on the subjects of ordinary and trivial life,these all became the elegant and fashionable hobbies pursued by the literati and officialdom in the Song Dynasty,and took them as the spiritual home to adjust or settle the individual soul.The reason,why the Song Dynasty became a prosperous time of culture and science in the history of China,is related to the aesthetic interest of the scholar-officials of the Song Dynasty which is introverted and self-regulated.