中美公务员养老保险制度的变迁——再分配效果的检验

The Changes of the Pension Scheme for Civil Servants in China and the United States:Evidence from Redistribution Effects

2015年之前,中国养老保险“双轨制”备受诟病。改革后,公务员与企业职工在制度设计上基本保持一致,但养老保险的再分配效果仍须检验。以工资和养老保险作为初次分配和再分配的衡量指标,比较中美两国改革前后公务员养老保险的制度设计和制度效果(再分配效果),发现两国在改革前的制度聚焦于公务员本身,而改革后均考虑了公务员与其他群体的协同发展。未来中国养老保险须避免在改革后进入“隐性双轨制”,关注企业年金和职业年金的不平衡、企业和机关事业单位平均工资增长率的差异以及机关事业单位内部的性别收入差距。

Before 2015,China’s dual-track pension scheme was widely criticized.Although the reform of dual-track pension makes civil servants and enterprise employees basically consistent in scheme design,the redistribution effects of pension insurance still need to be analyzed.Taking wage and pension as the indicators of initial distribution and redistribution respectively,this paper compares the arrangement and effect(redistribution effect)of Sino-US civil servants pension scheme before and after the reform.We find that both countries have taken into account the synergy between the civil servants and other groups after the reform,instead of focusing on civil servants as before.In the future,China’s pension insurance should avoid entering the“hidden dual-track system”.We should pay attention to the imbalance between enterprise annuities and occupational annuities,the differences in the average wage growth rate between enterprises and organs and institutions,and the gender income gap within organs and institutions.