计划经济时期国有重型企业中的赶工生产模式与劳动动员策略——以对S市TY厂的历史研究为例(1950-1972)

Rushing Production Mode and Labor Mobilization Strategy in State-Owned Heavy-Duty Enterprises in the Planned Economy Period——A Case Study on the History of TY Factory in S city(1950-1972)

本文以对南中国S市某重型机器制造企业TY厂在计划经济时期劳动生产状况的研究为例,提出在计划经济时期,中国国有重型企业的生产模式并非与苏联、东欧国家类似的突击生产模式,而是由国家赶超型计划所带来的赶工生产模式。为了应对赶工生产模式的需要,中国工业企业不仅打造出一支团结互助的产业工人队伍,而且发展出一套体系化的劳动动员策略。这套劳动动员策略既不同于西方国家精益生产下的去技术化,也不同于苏东国家“一长制”下的经济激励,而是在劳动生产中将竞争、奖惩与鼓舞三种机制有机地结合在一起,以激发职工群体内在的劳动热情:首先,通过劳动竞赛提升工人的斗志;其次,通过奖惩制度引导工人的行为;最后,通过劳动话语激发工人内心的意愿。在这套体系化的劳动动员策略下,工人力量被凝聚起来,助推中国工业在计划经济时期克服重重挑战,并实现了令人瞩目的成就。

This paper takes a study of the labor production of TY factory,a heavy-duty enterprise in S city of South China during the planned economy period,as an example,and suggests that the production model of Chinese state-owned heavy-duty enterprises during the planned economy period was not an assault production model similar to that of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,but a rush production model brought about by the national catch-up program.In response to the needs of the catch-up production model,Chinese industrial enterprises not only built up a solidarity team of industrial workers,but also developed a systematic labor mobilization strategy.This labor mobilization strategy is different from the de-technologization of lean production in Western countries or the economic incentive of the"one leader system"in Soviet countries,but rather combines competition,reward and punishment,and encouragement in labor production to arouse the inherent enthusiasm of the workers.Firstly,workers’fighting will is improved through labor competition.Secondly,a system of rewards and punishments guided workers'behavior,and finally,a labor discourse stimulated workers'inner will.Under this systematic strategy of labor mobilization,workers'power was united,helping Chinese industry to overcome the challenges of the planned economy and achieve remarkable successes.