论社会权的立法限制及其合宪性审查

On the Constitutionality Review of Legislative Limitation of Social Rights

宪法中的社会权条款需要立法予以具体化,其中立法对社会权的限制作用尤为突出。立法对社会权的限制作用可以纾解权利冲突、优化资源配置、防止权利滥用,而立法机关的民主正当性也要求其履行此种宪法义务。理论上,立法对社会权产生形成与限制作用,根据基本权利限制理论和德国法上的"限制"概念,这两种作用可被广义的限制所涵摄。实践中,立法对社会权的限制类型主要包括内涵性限制、对权利享有主体的限制、对保障内容的限制,与此同时还可通过规定义务性条款或者立法不作为等形式予以限制。立法的社会权的限制必须接受合宪性审查,审查原则包括由法律保留原则和正当程序原则构成的形式合宪性审查原则,以及合乎人性尊严的社会权核心内涵不受限制和比例原则构成的实质合宪性原则;审查基准可以通过借鉴美国和德国的经验,从权利内涵、社会立法制定主体以及国家义务三个层面构建不同强度层次的审查基准体系。

The social rights clause in the constitution needs to be embodied in legislation,and the legislative effect on social rights is particularly prominent.The restrictive effect of legislation on social rights can alleviate conflicts of rights,optimize resource allocation,and prevent abuse of rights.The legitimacy of the legislature also requires it to fulfill such constitutional obligations.In theory,legislation has a role in the formation and restriction of social rights.According to the basic rights restriction theory and the concept of"restriction"in German law,these two effects can be confined by broad restrictions.In practice,the types of restrictions on social rights by legislation mainly include connotation restrictions,restrictions on the subject of rights,and restrictions on the content of protection.At the same time,they can also be restricted by means of mandatory obligations or legislative inaction.The legislative social rights restrictions must be subject to constitutional review.The review principles include the constitutional review principle consisting of the principle of legal reservation and due process,and the unconstrained and proportional principle of the core content of social rights that conforms to human dignity.The principle of substantive constitutionality;the benchmark of review can build a review benchmark system of different intensity levels from the three levels of rights connotation,social legislation enacting body and state obligation by drawing on the experience of the United States and Germany.