钙在花生抗逆高产和减肥增效栽培中的应用

Calcium in peanut high-yield cultivation under stress resistance and efficiency cultivation with reduced fertilizer

花生是喜钙作物,对钙需求量大,钙是花生仅次于氮、钾的第三位大量必需元素。因地制宜增施钙肥,同步提高产量和肥料利用率,是增强植株抗逆性和实现减肥增效的重要栽培措施。本文简述了花生钙素营养的需求特性,植株和土壤缺钙的判定标准,以及钙在花生抗逆高产和减肥增效栽培中的应用效果,探讨了增施钙肥对酸性土壤、缺钙土壤、盐碱地及干旱胁迫等逆境条件下花生生长发育、生理代谢和产量的影响,分析了减施氮肥+增施钙肥实现减肥协同增效的可行性。建议花生化肥减施首先从充分发挥花生固氮和土壤潜能入手,活化土壤养分,提高土壤供肥能力,同时研发氮钙控释肥、推进花生全程可控施肥技术,做到一次施肥、全程可控,提高肥料利用率。

Peanut was a calcium-prefering crop,with a great demand for calcium.Calcium was the third most important element after nitrogen and potassium for peanut.Increase the yield and fertilizer utilization rate by calci⁃um fertilizer application according to local condition was important cultivation method to enhance the plant´s stress resistance and achieve synergistic effects of nitrogen reduction.This study described calcium demand characteristics in peanut,judgment criteria of calcium deficiency in plants and soil,and effect of calcium application on high-yield cultivation under stress resistance and efficiency cultivation under reduced fertilizer.The effects of calcium fertiliz⁃er application on growth and development,physiological metabolism and yield of peanut were discussed under acid soil,calcium deficiency soil,saline-alkali land and drought stress,respectively.The feasibility of reducing nitrogen fertilizer and increasing calcium fertilizer to achieve better synergistic effect was analyzed.It was suggested that the reduction of peanut fertilizer should start with maximizing peanut nitrogen fixation and soil potential,activating soil nutrients and improving soil fertilizer supply capacity.At the same time,both developing nitrogen and calcium con⁃trolled release fertilizer and promoting peanut whole process controlled precise fertilization technology could achieve one-time fertilization,with the whole process controlled and fertilizer utilization rate improved.