洪水过程对水生态系统影响的研究进展

Research on the impact of flood process on aquatic ecosystem

洪水灾害不仅对人民生命财产安全、社会经济发展造成严重影响,更显著影响着水生态系统的结构和功能。本文首先介绍了洪水脉冲的生态功能,讨论了洪水脉冲对河流-滩区生态系统进程的重要性,进而结合国内外研究成果,探讨了洪水过程对水生态系统中水环境、浮游生物、底栖动物和鱼类的影响。并且建议从系统角度出发,建立综合的指标体系以研究洪水过程对水生态系统格局的影响。本文最后指出,在水库联合调度方面,在满足防洪、兴利目标的同时,也应统筹考虑大坝下游水生态系统的需水要求,制定相应的生态流量以维系河流生态系统的健康发展;在行蓄洪区规划管理方面,应以国家当前“管理洪水”的治洪策略为指导思想,统筹防洪减灾与生态保护要求,逐步恢复部分行蓄洪区的湿地生态功能。本研究可为水生态系统对洪水过程响应的相关研究提供思路与建议。

The flood disaster not only have a serious impact on the safety of people’s lives and property,social and economic development,but also affect the structure and function of the water ecosystem significantly.This paper first introduces the ecological functions of flood pulse,summarizes the importance of flood pulse to the process of river-floodplain ecosystem,and then discusses the responses of the water environment,plankton,benthic macroinvertebrates and fish to floods based on domestic and foreign research results.It is suggested that a comprehensive index system should be established to study the impact of flood processes on the pattern of aquatic ecosystem from a system perspective.Finally,it is pointed out that in terms of joint dispatch of reservoirs,the water requirements for the downstream water ecosystem of the dam should also be considered as a whole while achieving the goals of flood control and benefit,with the corresponding ecological flow formulated to maintain the healthy development of the river ecosystem.In terms of planning and management of flood storage areas,the current flood control strategy for management of flood should be taken as the guiding ideology,and the requirements of flood prevention and disaster reduction and ecological protection should be coordinated,gradually restoring the wetland ecological function of some flood storage areas.This study can provide ideas and suggestions for the research on the response of water ecosystem to flood process.