明清时期东亚封贡体系的关系实态——以中朝、中日关系为核心

A Study on the East Asian Tributary System during the Ming and Qing Dynasties Based on China-Korea and China-Japan Relations

东亚“封贡体系”,又名“册封体系”,脱胎于周王朝“封建亲戚,以藩屏周”的“分封”制度原理而形成于日韩等国家和地区。明清时期中国与东亚各国的封贡关系,并非决定于同质的政治制度、互补的经济结构和相倾的文化体系中任何一个单项,而是建立在宗藩双方足够明显的综合落差上。对封贡过程中无数繁复事端的成功应对,体现了以实力为依托的传统中华礼序及其制度在驾驭区域关系、维护区域稳定、促进区域繁荣等方面曾经拥有的价值优势和掌控艺术。然而,当平等意识稀薄的封贡关系逐渐培育出无数个唯我独尊的“小中华”时,中国周边政权蓄势已久的自立愿望和颠覆冲动,也终于借助西方“国际法”的威权而相继达成。历时千载的“封贡体系”,亦开始了让位于“条约体系”的全过程。

With the economic and technological development,servitization in manufacturing has gradually become a developing trend of industrial structure.Within this background this paper analyzes the impact of service industry on manufacturing labor productivity from the industrial linkage perspective.Firstly,the vertical integration index of manufacturing industry is constructed based on input-output technology,which reflects the full participation of service industry in the production process of manufacturing products.Then based on the input-output data of 40 countries(regions)provided by WIOD and the panel data of social and economic accounting,the econometric model is constructed to empirically analyze the impact of industrial linkages of service industry on labor productivity of manufacturing industry.The main results show that,first of all,the increase in the participation of service industry increases the labor productivity of the manufacturing,especially when the proportion of service industry in a country(region)is low.The result of taking the level of service industry development as a threshold variable shows that the influence of servitization has threshold characteristics.Secondly,the analysis of different manufacturing sectors shows that the labor productivity of traditional manufacturing sectors is more likely to be promoted by the development of service industry.Thirdly,according to the analysis based on different per capita GDP groups,the labor productivity of manufacturing industry in middle-income group is much higher than that in high-income group because of service industry participation.Finally,the analysis of the service industry classification shows that the participation of real estate activities in high-income group has a significant effect on the labor productivity of manufacturing industry,while the use of other services and education,renting and business services in middle-income group has a positive impact.