“三江源”地区主要生态环境问题与对策

Ecological crisis and countermeasures of the Three Rivers' Headstream Regions

长江、黄河、澜沧江河源地区地处青藏高原腹地,是我国江河中、下游和周边地区生态环境安全和区域可持续发展的生态屏障。近年来,由于自然因素与不合理的人类活动影响,“三江源”地区生态环境不断恶化,不仅严重影响和制约了当地各民族生存与发展,而且还危及中下游地区的经济与社会的可持续发展。论文分析了三江源地区所处的生态环境地位,揭示了该区生态环境存在的问题与症结,提出了三江源地区生态环境保护与建设的对策建议:①三江源自然保护区的建设必须重视科学研究,制定高水平的科学规划;②必须采取有力措施妥善安置核心区的移民;③建立科学研究基地,依靠科技创新和高新适用技术的引进和推广应用,促进当地社会经济的发展和生态环境建设;④加强生态环境建设,走可持续发展的道路;⑤加强鼠害治理,促进草场生态系统的恢复;⑥建立上、中、下游利益补偿机制,促进江河源区生态环境事业的良性发展。

The Headstreams of the Three Rivers,the Yellow River,Changjiang River and Lan-cangjiang River,are of great ecological significance to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.They range from31°39'N to36°16'N and89°24'E to102°23'E with elevation s of the headstream regions varying from3450m to6621m.In Qinghai province the headstreams cover an area of0.318million km 2 ,accounting for50.3%of the province total.The largest marshland of China is located here,and these regions are regarded as'China's water tower'.There inhabit large quantities of rare wild animals,such as yaks,Tibetan wild donkeys,Tibetan antelopes,and dark-necked cranes etc.On the whole,some 271kinds of wild animals and about 1000species of plants are identi-fied in the headstream regions.In recent two decades,due to global climate change and human activities,the ecosystems of these regions are degrading.The acreage of water and soil erosion reaches34462km 2 ;the areas suffering from rat-caused damages accumulated to6.58million ha,accounting for11%of the whole region;and the desertified area increases to2.53million ha.Some of the glaciers here are shrinking,and the shrinking rate of the glaciers where the Dangqu river originates reach es be-tween8.25m/a and9.9m/a.The lakes here are diminishing with quick water level descending,and the descending level in Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake are over2m.The critical problems urge the authors to seek approaches of ecological alleviation in the three rivers' headstream regions.Thus,the following countermeasures are put forward:to work out scientific plan as quickly as possible to establish natural reserves in the headstream regions;to properly settle the immigrants from responsive regions;to establish scientific research bases for developing and spreading new-high applicable technologies to speed up the environmental re-construction;to lead to restoration of grassland eco-system by eliminating rat-caused damages;and to set up ecological compensative mechanism among areas of upper,middle and lower reaches of a watershed to promote environmental reconstruction.The ultimate intention of this paper is to contribute to ensure the social development towards an ecological sustainability in the three drainage basins.