公司关联担保三大类型的效力解释

Validity Interpretation of Three Different Types of Company Affiliate Guarantee

关于公司担保的效力问题,主流理论观点和裁判见解的主要分歧在于《公司法》第16条是效力性强制规定抑或管理性强制规定,进而判断债权人是否负有审查义务、负有何种性质的审查义务以及担保合同是否有效。但它们仅以《公司法》第16条第1款为逻辑起点,而未能依第2款的内在逻辑区分公司关联担保与公司非关联担保的不同类型及其子类型,导致结论以偏概全。综合运用法律解释方法尤其是体系解释和目的解释可以发现,《公司法》第16条第2款和第3款是最低限度程序性强制规定,并未全面实体性禁止公司关联担保,而在效力评价过程中,对公司提供关联担保的内部决议行为与外部合同行为应"内外有别"。基于类型化的研究表明,一人公司关联担保问题在形式上虽为立法漏洞,但实则法律持禁止态度,处于"法律上不能"之状态;上市公司关联担保的诸多规则异常严苛,其违法关联担保难以发生,基本处于"事实上不能"之状态;对担保公司关联担保则应放弃不合时宜的实体性禁止,转向强化关联担保的程序正义之要求。针对上述三大类型的公司关联担保,我国《公司担保解释稿》的相关条款设计亟待改进。

Regarding the effectiveness of corporate guarantees, the main difference between mainstream theoretical views and judicial opinions lies in whether Article 16 of the Company Law is a validity provision or a regulatory one to judge whether the creditor has the duty of review and whether the guarantee contract is effective. However, the logical starting point of the provision depends on Paragraph 1, Article 16 of the Company Law, which leads to an over generalized conclusion. It fails to follow the inherent logic of Paragraph 2, which distinguishes between the different types of affiliate guarantees and the non-affiliate guarantees of the company and its sub-types. Through comprehensive application of legal interpretation, especially systematic interpretation and teleological interpretation, it is found that Paragraph 2 and 3, Article 16 of the Company Law are the minimal procedural mandatory provisions, without substantive prohibition of the company affiliate guarantee. For the effectiveness confirmation, internal resolution and external contract of the company affiliate guarantee should be differentiated. The rules of affiliate guarantee of listed company are extremely strict, making it difficult for the occurrence of illegal affiliate guarantee of listed company. The illegal guarantee basically in a state of "actual impossibility". The problem of affiliate guarantee of one-man company is a legal loophole, but it is prohibited by law in essence, being in a state of "legal impossibility". For affiliate guarantee of the guarantee company, China should abandon the untimely substantive prohibition and strengthen the requirement of procedural justice. However, the design of the relevant terms of the three types of company affiliate guarantee in our country is in urgent need of improvement.