慈善歧视及其治理

Charity Discrimination and Its Governance

依据慈善动机,慈善被分为功利性慈善和非功利性慈善。慈善歧视客观存在于两种类型的慈善之中,并集中表现为目的性歧视、规则性歧视和选择性歧视。慈善歧视的发生受主客观因素的共同作用。差异这一慈善发生所需的必要条件与慈善资源的有限性是诱发慈善歧视的客观因素。从主观上看,偏见是两类慈善中出现歧视的共同可能。但不同的是,在功利性慈善之中,功利性目的的慈善追求是慈善歧视的可能诱因。而慈善行为主体从自然之中形成的选择习性、共情程度以及对慈善对象的发展性考量,则是非功利性慈善中出现慈善歧视的可能诱因。慈善歧视不仅是对慈善促进分配正义功能的背离,也以“条件准入”理念置换人人具有慈善共建权、共享权的价值原则,更存在着诱发新社会风险的可能。一方面,应强化慈善系统内部的能力建设,着力提升慈善行为主体理性抉择能力,促进其端正慈善动机,并深度延展慈善资源供给链。另一方面,也应构建出集慈善法治理、慈善伦理矫治和慈善教育引导于一体的外部治理环境,内外联动,推动慈善深度健康、全面发展。

According to charity motivation,charity can be divided into utilitarian charity and non-utilitarian charity.Charity discrimination exists objectively in two types of charity,and mainly manifested in purposeful discrimination,rule-based discrimination and selective discrimination.The occurrence of charity discrimination is subject to the combined effect of subjective and objective factors.The difference,the necessary condition for charity occurrence and the limitation of charity resources,is the objective factor leading to charity discrimination.And the prejudice is the common possibility of discrimination in the two kinds of charity when we explore the reason for charity discrimination from a subjective point of view.But the difference is that in the utilitarian charity,the pursuit of utilitarian charity is a possible cause of charity discrimination.And the selection,the empathy and the developmental considerations of charitable objects,which we get it from nature,are the possible causes of charity discrimination in non-utilitarian charity.Charity discrimination not only deviates from the function of charity in promoting distributive justice,but also replaces the value principle that everyone has the right to build and share charity with the concept of“conditional access”,which is more likely to induce new social risks.On the one hand,we should strengthen the internal capacity of the charity system,focus on improving the rational decision-making ability of charity subject,promote its charity motivation,and extend the supply chain of charity resource.On the other hand,we should also build an external governance environment which integrates the governance of charity law,the correction of charity ethics and the guidance of charity education,so as to promote the healthy and comprehensive development of charity.