清代以来汉语共同语推广史鉴——以福建为个案

History of Promoting Common Chinese Language since Qing Dynasty:A Case Study of Fujian Province

通过对福建清代的正音运动、近代的国语运动及现代普通话推广工作史料的梳理,提出语言政策的制定、语言教育的合理设置、国民教育的普及范围是影响不同时期福建地区汉语共同语推广成效的主要因素。清代缺乏有效的语言教育设置,且雍乾两个时期政策不统一,正音运动自然行而不远;近代主要采取将语言教育渗透到国民教育的办法,但是整体教育水平低,只能针对国家单位,难以遍及大众;现代的普通话推广采取系统设置、全民参与、渐次推进的语言政策,且教育整体水平大幅提升,自然效果显著。

Through analyzing the historical data of Qing Dynasty Mandarin movement,the modern Mandarin movement and the promotion of Putonghua in Fujian province,this paper puts forward the formulation of language policy,the reasonable setting of language education and the popularization scope of national education are the main factors that affect the promotion effect of common Chinese language in Fujian in different periods.In the Qing Dynasty,there was no effective language education,and the policies of Yong and Qian period were not unified,so the movement of correcting pronunciation was not far away.In modern times,language education was mainly used in national education,but the overall education level was low,so it was only aimed at the state units,which was difficult to spread to the public.The modern popularization of Putonghua adopted the language policy of systematic setting,national participation and gradual promotion,and the overall level of education has been greatly improved,and the effect is remarkable.