3J. L. Battersby, Unorthodox Views, Westport, CY:Greenwood Press, 2002.
4Phelan, Reading People, Reading Plots, Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1989.
5A. Bierce, "The Crimson Candle, " in The Collected Writings of Ambrose Bierce, New York: The Citadel Press,1946, p. 543.
6W. C. Booth, The Rhetoric of Fiction, 2nd edition,Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (1961) 1983.
7J. Phelan, Living to Tell about It, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
8I. McEwan, Atonement, New York: Doubleday,2001, p. 80
9J. Phelan, "" Narrative as Rhetoric and Edith Wharton' s ' Roman Fever' : Progression, Configuration, and the Ethics of Surprise, " in W. Jost and W. Olmsted(eds.), A Companion to Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism,Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 340-55.
