收入分配制度的实践差异——对中苏计划经济时期计件工资制的比较研究

Practice Difference of Income Distribution System:A Comparative Study of Piecework Wage System Between China and the Soviet Union in the Period of Planned Economy

为了实现经济的高速增长,执政者需要持续激励工人生产,提高劳动生产率。同样属于社会主义国家的中国和苏联,在政权建立之后所采取的生产激励政策不尽相同。突出特征是,苏联长期实行计件工资制度,以物质激励的方式鼓励工人生产;中国时而对工人进行物质激励,时而采取精神激励的策略。本文以计件工资制为中心,梳理了苏联和中国收入分配制度的实践差异,对既有观点提出质疑,并提出中苏领导人对生产关系结构的认识不同以及企业管理的实践情况,导致了激励政策的分野。苏联出于巩固政权、彰显社会主义优越性的目的,沿袭了资本主义企业中通用的"泰罗制",广泛采用计件工资制,通过物质激励的方式提高劳动生产率;中国则力图建立与公有制性质相适应,体现劳动者之间平等互助合作关系的企业管理制度,对于破坏工人内部的团结、影响企业生产管理的计件工资制进行批判,并采取政治教育的方式,对劳动者进行群众性动员,形成具有中国特色的激励特征。

In order to achieve rapid economic growth,we need to encourage workers to produce and improve labor productivity.China and the Soviet Union adopted different production incentive policies.The most prominent feature is that the Soviet Union has long implemented the piecework wage system to encourage workers to produce in the form of material incentives;China sometimes adopted material incentives to workers,and sometimes adopted the strategy of spiritual incentives.This paper combs the differences between the Soviet Union and China on the piecework wage system,challenges the existing views,and puts forward the production relationship structure conceived by the leaders of China and the Soviet Union,as well as the differences in enterprise management modes in practice,which lead to the division of incentive policies.For the purpose of consolidating political power and highlighting the superiority of socialism,the Soviet Union followed the"Taylor system"commonly used in capitalist enterprises as the basis of enterprise management system,adopted a large number of piecework wage system to improve labor productivity through material incentives;China tried to establish an enterprise that was compatible with the nature of public ownership and reflected the relationship of equality,mutual assistance and cooperation between workers.The industry management system criticizes the piecework wage system which destroys the unity of workers and affects the production and management of enterprises.It also adopts the way of political education to mobilize the masses of workers to form an incentive characteristic with Chinese characteristics.