情感是什么?

Immediate and Mediated Emotion

本文旨在梳理早期现代以来的西方情感观念,围绕情感是否能与认知整合这个问题勾勒出两种对于情感的认识和定义。首先考察从笛卡尔到当代神经科学中的"基本情感"论这条脉络,这条思想支流可以称之为情感"直观论",总体上认为情感可以不依靠概念中介而直接进入意识,由此凸显认知与情感的相通性,以及主体的自洽和完整性。其次,从17、18世纪情感理论中找到与直观论不同的一条线索,这条线索经由19世纪末期的精神分析理论一直通向解构主义情感理论,认为情感与情感概念之间有很多层中介,情感难以被清晰认知。这条脉络可以称之为情感的"符号论",它告诉我们,情感并不为主体所拥有,深刻动摇了启蒙时期建立的人的主体性。

This essay enquires into the various meanings of"emotion"and its cognates,including affect and feeling,setting the stage for more specialized studies of literary emotion since early modernity in the West.Specifically,the essay outlines to genealogies of theories of emotion since the early modern era in the West.The first stretches from Descartes and Spinoza to the phenomenologists of the early 20 th century.Despite the profound differences among these thinkers,their theories converge on seeing emotion as given intuitively to consciousness,thus making emotion a bridge between embodied existence and transcendent reason.The second genealogy starts with counter-enlightenment voices questioning the transparency of emotion and moves to Freud and poststructuralist critiques of the"givenness"of emotional experience.This genealogy construes conceptual emotion as only necessarily distorted representations of empirical affect,thus approaching the affective as that which marks the internal fissures of the modern subject.