论《民法典》第702条上的保证人抗辩权

The Surety's Right of Defense under Article 702 of the Chinese Civil Code

我国《民法典》第702条规定了在主债务人对债权人享有抵销权或撤销权时,保证人有权拒绝在相应的范围内承担保证责任。这一权利是《民法典》直接赋予保证人的一时性或延迟性抗辩权,其目的是维护保证人的合法权益,使其免于承担追偿不能的风险。该权利既非保证人行使的主债务人针对债权人的抗辩权,也不意味着保证人在直接行使主债务人针对债权人的撤销权或抵销权。此外,当主债务人针对债权人享有解除权以及选择之债中债务人享有选择权时,也应类推适用《民法典》第702条而使保证人享有此种抗辩权。当保证人不知主债务人针对债权人享有撤销权、抵销权或解除权而实际承担保证责任后,其不得对债权人行使不当得利返还请求权。《民法典》第694条第1款中的保证人"拒绝承担保证责任的权利"仅指第687条第2款规定的先诉抗辩权,并不包括第702条规定的保证人的抗辩权。

According to Article 702 of the Chinese Civil Code(CCC),where the debtor has the right to set-off or to claim revocation against the creditor,the surety may refuse to assume suretyship liability to the corresponding extent.This right is aimed at protecting the surety’s lawful interests from the risk of non-recovery.As a temporary or deferred defense right directly granted to the surety by CCC,it does not mean that the surety can directly exercise the principal debtor’s right of set-off or to claim revocation,nor is it the principal debtor’s right of defense against the creditor.When the principal debtor has the right to rescind against the creditor or the right to choose,the surety may also refuse to assume the suretyship liability accordingly.A surety who has assumed the surety liability without knowing it may not request the creditor to return the unjust enrichment.The surety’s right to refuse to assume the suretyship liability in Paragraph 1 of Article 694 of CCC refers only to the right provided for in Paragraph 2 of Article 687 of CCC,not the right provided in Article 702 of CCC.