论过失犯中结果避免可能性的判断方法

On the Method of Judging Possibility of Avoiding the Resultin Negligent Crime

结果避免可能性是过失犯成立的必要条件之一,探讨具体案件尤其是疑难案件中结果避免可能性的判断方法,对司法实践具有重要的指导意义。在判断结果避免可能性的过程中,应当将合义务替代行为确定为“最低限度的合义务行为”,引起结果的主体只能是现实中引起结果的因素,尚未发生的后备原因即便会引起同一结果,也不能免除行为人的责任。结果避免可能性中的结果是构成要件上的结果,应当被理解为对规范所保护法益的一种负面改变,而非法益被改变后的一种状态。在过失竞合情形中,判断其中某一行为人能否避免结果时,还需假设其他违反义务的人也履行了必要注意义务,因为此时结果避免义务的具体内容是行为人通过作出其支配领域内可能的贡献,以便另一个人能够利用该贡献,最终实现结果的避免。在对结果避免可能性的证明上,采取的是假设性的调查方法,只有当合义务行为近乎肯定能够避免结果时,才能达到刑事证明中“排除合理怀疑”的标准。无事实根据的“结果不可避免”不能否定结果避免可能性的存在。

Since the academics in China has acknowledged that the possibility of avoiding result is one of the necessary conditions for the establishment of a negligent crime,then it is theoretically and practically significant to explore the method of judging the possibility of avoiding the results in specific cases,especially in complicated cases.In the process of judging the possibility of avoiding the result,firstly,it is necessary to clarify what the duty of care be violated.On this basis,the choice of alternative behavior of performing duties is selected as“obligatory minimum”.In the hypothetical causal process,the subject that causes the result can only be the factor that causes the result in reality.Even if the backup factor that has not yet occurred will cause the same result,the actor's responsibility cannot be waived.Secondly,the result in“the possibility of avoiding result”is the result of the constituent element,and should not be understood as a state after the legal benefit is negatively changed,but as a negative change.Furthermore,when concurrence of negligence appears,to judge the possibility of avoiding result,it is also necessary to assume that other persons who violate the obligation also abide by the duty of care.Because,at this time,the specific content of the obligation of avoiding result is that the actor can fulfill the possible contribution in the field of dominance,so that another person can use the contribution,and thereby avoid the result by the efforts of himself and others.Finally,a hypothetical survey method is used to prove the possibility of avoiding result.Only when the result is caused almost certainly by fully complying with the prudent duties,the criminal standard of proof“exclusion of reasonable doubt”can be achieved and the negligent crime can be established.The“inevitable result”based on unfounded facts cannot negate the possibility of avoiding result.