欧洲模式的韧性:新冠肺炎疫情与欧盟卫生治理

The Resilience of the European Model:The COVID-19 Pandemic and EU Health Governance

对于欧盟在应对新冠肺炎疫情中的表现,欧盟官员、学者和主流媒体持批评或支持态度。而考察疫情下欧盟的表现,首先要了解欧盟卫生治理的历史发展和制度安排。欧盟卫生治理经历了萌芽、正式确立、细化完善、深化变革等阶段,欧盟主要机构在卫生治理中各司其职,如建立传染病的防控与监管网络,财政框架给予有力的资金支持。欧盟应对疫情的诸种表现均是在欧盟卫生治理框架下行事。欧盟主要机构召集会议、发布报告、成立专家小组、下拨专门款项,协助成员国应对疫情并辅以刺激经济恢复的措施。欧盟还与联合国、世卫组织等国际机构加强多边合作,向周边国家和非洲提供医疗卫生援助。欧盟疫情治理体现出一体化模式的独特性,即明确且务实的权责分配以避免陷入治理困境、不同领域的状况造成治理水平差异、多元治理主体力图维持平衡关系以及凭借规范性权力提升软实力及其国际影响。不同于举全国之力快速有效遏制疫情蔓延的“强国家主义”和受限于国内政治、以保障正常经济活动为前提的“弱国家主义”,欧盟结合自身特性探索出以多层级治理为特征的“第三条道路”,其疫情治理凸显内部团结和对外强大的欧洲模式韧性。

Regarding EU s response to the COVID-19 pandemic,there have been both criticism and support from the officials,scholars and mainstream media in EU.To investigate the performance of the EU under the pandemic,we should first understand the historical development and institutional arrangements of EU health governance.The EU health governance has gone through the stages of burgeoning,formal establishment,refinement and improvement,and deepening reform.The main EU institutions perform their respective duties in health governance,establish the prevention and control and supervision network of infectious diseases,and provide strong financial support with financial framework.The EU s response to the pandemic is under the EU health governance framework.The major EU institutions convened meetings,issued reports,set up expert groups,and allocated special funds to assist member states to fight against the pandemic and take measures to stimulate economic recovery.The EU has strengthened multilateral cooperation with the United Nations,WHO and other international institutions,provided medical and health assistance to neighboring countries and Africa.EU pandemic governance manifests the unique nature of integration model,that is,clear and pragmatic allocation of power and responsibilities to avoid governance dilemma,different levels of governance as a result of varying situations in different areas,plural governance actors trying to maintain a balanced relationship,and reliance on normative power to upgrade its international influence and soft power.Different from the“strong nationalism”where a state mobilizes national strength to curb the spread of the pandemic and the“weak nationalism”where a state is constrained by domestic politics and takes the guarantee of normal economic activities as the premise,the European Union explores a third way based on its own characteristics.EU s pandemic governance highlights the European model s resilience of internal unity and external strength.