汾渭平原农户冬小麦氮磷养分投入调查与分析

Investigation and Analysis of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Input for Winter Wheat in Fenwei Plain

为明确汾渭平原农户冬小麦施肥现状,并指导农户合理施肥,在汾渭平原冬小麦种植区选取22个区/县,连续2年进行农户冬小麦产量及氮、磷养分投入调查。结果表明,汾河平原和渭河平原农户冬小麦平均产量分别为6949和6442kg·hm^-2,其中中等产量水平(5500kg·hm^-2)以上的农户超过80%。汾河平原农户冬小麦N和P2O5的平均投入量分别为272.6和139.1kg·hm^-2,施氮不足、适中和过量的农户分别占11.84%、23.68%和64.47%,施磷不足、适中和过量的农户分别占14.03%、7.89%和78.07%。渭河平原农户N和P2O5的平均投入量分别为196.3和147.2kg·hm^-2,施氮不足、适中和过量的农户分别占28.63%、31.97%和39.40%,施磷不足、适中和过量的农户分别占5.95%、14.50%和79.56%。汾河平原农户冬小麦氮肥基肥和追肥比例分别为60.3%和39.7%,而渭河平原农户冬小麦氮肥基肥和追肥比例分别为97.3%和2.7%。此外,汾河平原农户冬小麦N、P2O5的平均偏生产力分别为30.4和59.6kg·kg^-1,渭河平原农户冬小麦N、P2O5的平均偏生产力分别为38.4和56.1kg·kg^-1。总之,在汾渭平原农户冬小麦种植过程中,氮、磷肥过量施用依然严重,导致肥料利用率低,因此,未来需进一步加强对农民的宣传培训,使其科学合理施肥,促进农业绿色发展。

In order to clarify the current fertilization status of winter wheat in Fenwei plain and guide grower to apply fertilizer rationally,22 districts/counties were selected to survey and analyze yield and nutrient input for two consecutive years.The results showed that the average yield of winter wheat in Fenhe plain and Weihe plain was 6949 and 6442 kg·hm^-2,respectively.Farmers with yield over 5500 kg·hm^-2 accounted for more than 80%.The average application rates of N and P2O5 in Fenhe plain were 272.6 and 139.1 kg·hm^-2,respectively.In Fenhe plain,11.84%of the growers had insufficient nitrogen application rate,23.68%and 64.47%of the growers had reasonable and over-applied nitrogen application rate,respectively.Accordingly,the proportion for phosphorus application was 14.03%,7.89%and 78.07%,respectively.In Weihe plain,the average application rates of N and P2O5 were 196.3 and 147.2 kg·hm^-2.The proportions of nitrogen with insufficient rate,reasonable rate and excess level were 28.63%,31.97%and 39.40%,respectively.The proportions of phosphorus application with insufficient,reasonable rate and excess levels were 5.95%,14.50%and 79.56%,respectively.In Fenhe plain,the proportions of base fertilizer and top dressing N were 60.3%and 39.7%,while in Weihe plain,those were 97.3%and 2.7%,respectively.In addition,the average partial productivity of N and P2O5 were 30.4 and 59.6 kg·kg^-1 in Fenhe plain,and 38.4 and 56.1 kg·kg^-1 in Weihe plain,respectively.Obviously,for winter wheat production in Fenwei plain,the excessive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer is still serious,resulting in the low utilization efficiency.Thus,it is necessary to further strengthen grower’s training in the future to apply fertilizers scientifically.