我国陆生野生动物疫源疫病监测防控体系建设

Construction of surveillance and prevention and control system for terrestrial wildlife-borne infectious diseases in China

随着全球人员流动、野生动物及其产品贸易活动日益频繁,野生动物所携带的病原体重组变异加快、致病毒力增强,新发、再发传染病不断出现,我国面临的生物安全问题凸显。笔者阐述我国陆生野生动物疫源疫病监测防控工作建设背景,总结体系发展现状,客观分析存在的不足,探索提出对策建议。从不同层面,系统分析我国陆生野生动物疫源疫病监测防控体系建设现状。首先,从法规政策、部门职责、国际履约等方面,概述了开展此项工作的必要性和重要性。其次,从监测站点、信息直报、人才队伍、规章制度、监测预警、科技支撑、国际合作等7个方面,对体系建设现状进行了系统梳理。再次,针对体系建设工作中存在的法律法规不完善、体系建设不健全、资金保障不充分、专业化程度偏低、基础研究不够等5个方面的问题进行了剖析。最后,提出加强法律法规制度建设、加强监测防控体系建设、加强防控保障体系建设、加大基础科学研究力度、开展广泛科普宣传等5个方面的建议。经过15年的建设,我国陆生野生动物疫源疫病监测防控体系初步建成,监测站点网络得以设立、监测信息实现网络直报、监测队伍不断壮大、规章制度体系逐步完善、监测预警能力稳步提升、科技支撑力得到加强、国际交流合作不断深化。但由于起步晚、底子薄,监测防控事业发展基础不稳固,工作开展整体水平较低,存在以下问题:(1)现行法规对此项工作分工不够明确,部分职能交叉环节存在部门职责不表现象。(2)存在大量监测盲区,国家级监测站覆盖率占我国陆生野生动物聚集分布区不到30%;现有监测站技术水平偏低,主动监测预警能力不足。(3)中央财政预算投资难以满足实际工作需要,地方运行经费和疫情防控经费投入渠道不畅。(4)一线监测人员约80%为兼职或兼岗,专业人员不足10%;专业人才培养渠道尚未建立。(5)基础研究科研院所和生产企业不多,公益性和盈利性矛盾未破解。陆生野生动物疫源疫病监测防控工作是筑牢国家生物安全、公共卫生安全、生态安全的第一道屏障,需要践行"人类命运共同体""同一健康"等理念,明确职责分工,加大资金投入,强化人才培养,夯实科技支撑基础。研究建议:(1)弥补法律漏洞,形成人类、家养动物、野生动物疫病防控主管部门职责明确、分头负责的局面;(2)实施国家级监测站改扩建工程规划,建立陆生野生动物流行病学调查及公共卫生预警防控体系;(3)建立科学合理经费投入机制,加大人才引进和培训力度;(4)联合优势力量开展科技攻关,建立产学研深度融合发展机制;(5)全方位、多角度开展科普宣传活动,形成群防群控良好局面。

With the global movement of people and increasing frequency of wildlife trade and their products,the reorganization and mutation of pathogens carried out by wildlife have accelerated with increased virulence,resulting in a constant appearance of new and recurring infectious diseases,which has threatened the biosafety and ecosecurity of China.In this review,we expounded on the background of the construction of the terrestrial wildlife-borne epidemic disease surveillance and prevention system in China and summarized the current status of the system development.The problems and deficiencies in the system construction were analyzed and countermeasures were proposed tentatively.The present situation was systematically analyzed from four aspects.Firstly,it summarized the necessity and importance of carrying out this work based on laws and regulations,departmental responsibilities,international implementation,and so on.Secondly,the current situation of the system construction was sorted out in seven aspects:monitoring sites,direct information reporting,talent team,rules and regulations,monitoring and early warning,scientific and technological support,and international cooperation.Thirdly,the existing problems were analyzed in terms of five aspects:imperfect laws and regulations,inadequate system construction,lack of capital guarantee,low degree of specialization,and insufficient basic research.Finally,proposals were put forward in these aspects:strengthening of laws and regulations,construction of surveillance and prevention systems,strengthening of basic scientific research,and carrying out extensive science popularization.After 15 years of construction,the system was initially established,the network of monitoring stations were set up so that the monitoring information can be reported directly through the network.The monitoring team has continued to grow,rules and regulations system have been gradually improved,monitoring and early warning capacity has been steadily improved,scientific and technological support capacity has been strengthened,and there have been more international exchanges and cooperation.However,owing to late start and weak foundation,the development foundation for surveillance,prevention,and control is not solid,and the overall level of work is low,which means:(1)The current law is not clear on the division of labor in this work and the departments,where shifting responsibilities onto each other often happen.(2)There are a large number of stations monitoring blind areas and national monitoring stations account for less than 30%of the coverage of terrestrial wildlife gathering and distribution areas in China;the current technical level of monitoring stations is low and active monitoring and early warning capability is insufficient.(3)Investment from the government budget is not enough to meet the needs of practical work and the investment channels of local operation funds and epidemic prevention and control funds are not good enough.(4)Approximately 80%of the front-line monitoring personnel are part-time workers and less than 10%are professionals;moreover,there is a lack of professional training.(5)The contradiction between public welfare and profitability has not been solved owing to the lack of basic research institutes and production enterprises.Monitoring and prevention of terrestrial wildlife epidemic diseases are the first barrier to strengthen national biosafety,public health security,and ecological security.It is necessary to implement the concepts of"Community of Human Destiny"and"One health"and clarify the division of responsibilities.We should increase capital investment,strengthen talent training,and consolidate the foundation of scientific and technological supports.Five suggestions are put forward:(1)Make up for the legal loopholes and form an administrative structure in which the departments in charge of epidemic prevention and control of human beings,domestic animals,and wild animals have clear and separate responsibilities.(2)Implement the plan of national monitoring station reconstruction and expansion project and establish terrestrial wildlife epidemiological investigation and public health early warning,prevention,and control systems.(3)Establish a scientific and reasonable funding input mechanism and strengthen the introduction and training of talents.(4)Combine superior forces to carry out scientific research and establish a deep integration and development mechanism of industry-university-research.(5)Carry out science popularization publicity activities in all directions and from various angles to form a good situation of group prevention and group control.